Questions and Answers
Which component constitutes approximately 55% of the volume of blood?
Plasma
How is blood cells and plasma separated from each other?
By centrifugation
What is the total blood volume in adults approximately per kg body weight for males?
$80$ mL/kg
What maintains the core body temperature by distributing heat around the body?
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Which of the following is not a blood clotting factor?
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Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
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Which pathway is activated rapidly following tissue damage?
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Which of the following is responsible for breaking down fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?
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What is the main function of red blood cells in the human body?
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Where does haemopoiesis occur mainly in the adult human body?
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Which type of blood cells are responsible for blood clotting?
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What is the main function of plasma proteins in the blood?
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What is the primary organ responsible for producing erythropoietin?
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Which blood cell type has a lifespan of about 120 days?
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What is the main function of eosinophils in the blood?
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What causes oxyhaemoglobin to release oxygen for tissue use?
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Which type of white blood cells are involved in phagocytosis?
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Which cells are closely related to allergic reactions and contain cytoplasmic granules with heparin and histamine?
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What is the role of platelets in haemostasis?
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Which cells make up 25-50% of leukocytes and have large nuclei but no cytoplasmic granules?
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What is the approximate proportion of plasma in the volume of blood?
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What is the main function of platelets in the blood?
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What is the total blood volume in adults approximately per kg body weight for females?
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Which cells are responsible for allergic reactions and contain cytoplasmic granules with heparin and histamine?
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Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
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How are blood cells and plasma separated from each other?
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What is the main function of red blood cells?
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Where does haemopoiesis occur mainly in the adult human body?
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What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?
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Which component constitutes approximately 55% of the volume of blood?
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What is the main function of plasma proteins in the blood?
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What is the primary organ responsible for producing erythropoietin?
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Which type of white blood cells are involved in phagocytosis?
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What is the role of platelets in haemostasis?
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What is the total blood volume in adults approximately per kg body weight for males?
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What is responsible for breaking down fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?
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What maintains the core body temperature by distributing heat around the body?
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Which factor is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
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What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the blood?
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Which pathway is activated rapidly following tissue damage?
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What is responsible for breaking down fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?
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Which component constitutes approximately 55% of the volume of blood?
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Which cells are closely related to allergic reactions and contain cytoplasmic granules with heparin and histamine?
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What is the main function of red blood cells in the human body?
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What maintains the core body temperature by distributing heat around the body?
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Where does haemopoiesis occur mainly in the adult human body?
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What is the total blood volume in adults approximately per kg body weight for males?
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Which type of white blood cells are closely related to allergic reactions and contain cytoplasmic granules with heparin and histamine?
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What is the primary role of mast cells in allergic reactions?
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Which component constitutes approximately 55% of the volume of blood?
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What is the main function of basophils in the body?
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Which pathway is activated rapidly following tissue damage for initiating haemostasis?
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What is the primary function of monocytes in the body?
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What is the lifespan of platelets in the body?
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Which type of white blood cells are involved in phagocytosis?
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What is the main function of lymphocytes in the body?
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What is the primary role of macrophages in the body?
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What is the main function of neutrophils in the body?
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What initiates the formation of a temporary seal at the site of vascular damage during haemostasis?
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What is the main function of erythrocytes in the human body?
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Which organ is primarily responsible for producing erythropoietin?
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What is the main function of eosinophils in the blood?
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What causes oxyhaemoglobin to release oxygen for tissue use?
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Where does haemopoiesis occur mainly in the adult human body?
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What is the primary role of leukocytes in the blood?
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What is the main function of plasma proteins in the blood?
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What is the main function of platelets in haemostasis?
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Study Notes
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Eosinophils accumulate in allergic inflammation sites, such as asthmatic airways and skin allergies.
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Basophils, which are closely related to allergic reactions, contain cytoplasmic granules with heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory agents.
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Basophils degranulate in response to allergens, leading to rapid onset of allergic symptoms.
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Mast cells are similar to basophils but are fixed in tissues and degranulate faster than basophils.
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Neutrophils, part of the agranulocytes, are the most abundant type of white blood cells and are involved in phagocytosis.
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Monocytes and lymphocytes make up 25-50% of leukocytes; they have large nuclei and no cytoplasmic granules.
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Monocytes are the largest type of white blood cells and can be found in the blood and tissues, producing interleukin-1 and stimulating the production of activated T-lymphocytes.
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Mononuclear phagocyte system consists of monocytes and macrophages, providing effective defense in key body locations.
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Macrophages are more powerful and long-lived than neutrophils, synthesizing and releasing cytokines, and are actively phagocytic.
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Lymphocytes are smaller than monocytes and originate from pluripotent stem cells, developing into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
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Platelets are small, disc-shaped cell fragments with no nucleus, budded off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow.
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Platelets play a vital role in haemostasis, releasing chemicals for blood clotting and vessel contraction, and forming a temporary seal at the site of vascular damage.
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The lifespan of platelets is between 8 and 11 days, and platelet production is regulated by thrombopoietin.
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Haemostasis is a series of processes for stopping bleeding, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation (blood clotting).
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Platelets play a vital role in haemostasis by releasing chemicals for blood clotting and vessel contraction.
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Coagulation is a complex process involving the activation of clotting factors, eventually leading to the formation of prothrombin activator and the conversion of inactive fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads.
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Haemostasis can be initiated by the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, leading to the activation of clotting factors and the formation of a blood clot.
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Erythropoiesis, the process of erythrocyte (red blood cell) development from stem cells, takes approximately 7 days.
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Immature cells are released into the bloodstream as reticulocytes and mature into erythrocytes, losing their nucleus in the process.
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Haemoglobin in blood binds reversibly with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin, and blood's colour changes based on oxygen levels.
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Low pH, oxygen levels (hypoxia), and temperature can cause oxyhaemoglobin to release oxygen for tissue use.
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Erythropoiesis is regulated by erythropoietin, primarily produced by the kidney in response to hypoxia.
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Erythrocytes have a lifespan of about 120 days and are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver.
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Iron from haemolysis is returned to the bone marrow to form new haemoglobin, and biliverdin is converted to bilirubin and excreted in bile.
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Leukocytes, or white blood cells, account for about 1% of blood volume and have nuclei with various granules.
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Neutrophils are fast, active scavengers that protect against bacterial invasion and remove debris, with complex lobed nuclei and short lifespan.
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Eosinophils eliminate parasites through toxic chemicals and have a lesser role in phagocytosis, with a longer lifespan than neutrophils.
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