84 Questions
What is the approximate proportion of plasma in the volume of blood?
55%
Which of the following is responsible for distributing heat around the body to maintain core body temperature?
Blood cells
How much does blood make up in terms of body weight for a 70 kg man?
5.6 litres
How are blood cells and plasma separated for analysis?
By centrifugation
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
Where does haemopoiesis mainly occur in adults?
Sternum, ribs, pelvis, skull, and ends of long bones
Which component of blood is responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and plasma viscosity?
Plasma proteins
What is the main role of platelets in the blood?
Blood clotting
Which type of leukocyte is involved in the rapid onset of allergic symptoms by degranulating in response to allergens?
Basophils
What is the function of platelets in haemostasis?
Releasing chemicals for blood clotting and vessel contraction
What type of leukocyte is the most abundant and involved in phagocytosis?
Neutrophils
Which leukocyte type originates from pluripotent stem cells and develops into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes
Which of the following is NOT a blood clotting factor?
Plasminogen
Which factor is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Vitamin K
Which pathway is activated rapidly following tissue damage?
Extrinsic pathway
What prevents platelet adhesion in healthy, undamaged blood vessels?
Normal blood vessel lining
What is the primary organ responsible for producing erythropoietin?
Kidney
Which type of blood cells have a longer lifespan than neutrophils and are involved in eliminating parasites?
Eosinophils
What process results in the release of immature cells into the bloodstream as reticulocytes?
Erythropoiesis
Which component of blood binds reversibly with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin?
Erythrocytes
What is the approximate proportion of plasma in the volume of blood?
55%
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Oxygen transport
Which type of leukocyte is involved in phagocytosis and is the most abundant?
Neutrophils
Where does haemopoiesis mainly occur in adults?
Bone marrow
Which factor is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Factor VIII
What prevents platelet adhesion in healthy, undamaged blood vessels?
Von Willebrand factor
What is the main function of Vitamin K in blood clotting?
Synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X
Which factor is also known as plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA)?
Factor XI
What process is responsible for the breakdown of fibrin in blood clotting?
Fibrinolysis
Which pathway is triggered when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?
Intrinsic pathway
What is the function of heparin and antithrombin III in blood clotting?
Deactivating activated clotting factors
Which component is responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and plasma viscosity in blood?
Albumin
What prevents platelet adhesion in healthy, undamaged blood vessels?
Smoothness of normal blood vessel lining
How does plasmin aid in the blood clotting process?
Breaks down fibrin to remove the clot
What is the primary role of erythropoietin in the process of erythropoiesis?
Controlling the production of red blood cells in response to hypoxia
Which organ is primarily responsible for the destruction of erythrocytes in the body?
Spleen
What is the main function of haemoglobin in the blood?
Binding reversibly with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
Which leukocyte type is primarily involved in protecting against bacterial invasion and removing debris?
Neutrophils
What is the main role of platelets in haemostasis?
Initiating blood clotting
What happens to immature reticulocytes before they mature into erythrocytes?
They lose their nucleus
Which component of blood is returned to the bone marrow to form new haemoglobin?
Iron from haemolysis
What accounts for about 1% of blood volume and has nuclei with various granules?
Leukocytes
Which leukocyte type has a longer lifespan than neutrophils and is involved in eliminating parasites?
Eosinophils
What causes oxyhaemoglobin to release oxygen for tissue use?
Low oxygen levels (hypoxia)
What is the approximate lifespan of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?
120 days
Which component of blood is responsible for the maintenance of osmotic pressure and plasma viscosity?
Plasma proteins
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
Where does haemopoiesis mainly occur in adults?
Ribs
Which blood cell type is responsible for producing antibodies?
Leukocytes
What is the approximate proportion of plasma in the volume of blood?
55%
Which type of leukocyte helps to destroy bacteria?
Neutrophils
What prevents platelet adhesion in healthy, undamaged blood vessels?
Nitric oxide
What is the main function of platelets in the blood?
Blood clotting
What prevents platelet adhesion in healthy, undamaged blood vessels?
Nitric oxide
What is the primary organ responsible for producing erythropoietin?
Kidneys
Which leukocyte type originates from pluripotent stem cells and develops into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes
What is the approximate lifespan of platelets?
10 days
Which type of leukocyte is involved in the rapid onset of allergic symptoms by degranulating in response to allergens?
Basophils
What is the primary role of mast cells in allergic reactions?
Degranulation
What is the main function of monocytes in the immune system?
Producing interleukin-1
Which type of blood cell is involved in phagocytosis and is the most abundant white blood cell?
Neutrophils
What is the primary role of platelets in haemostasis?
Forming a temporary seal at the site of vascular damage
Which component of blood is responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and plasma viscosity?
Plasma
What initiates haemostasis following vascular damage?
Vasoconstriction
What is the lifespan of platelets in the bloodstream?
~8-11 days
What process leads to the formation of prothrombin activator?
Coagulation
Which leukocyte type originates from pluripotent stem cells and develops into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes
What is the function of heparin in basophils and mast cells?
Inhibiting blood clotting
What is the primary function of eosinophils in allergic inflammation sites?
Phagocytosis of pathogens
What is the primary function of red marrow in the bone?
Production of red blood cells
Which component of blood is responsible for the maintenance of osmotic pressure and plasma viscosity?
Plasma proteins
Where does haemopoiesis mainly occur in adults?
Sternum, ribs, pelvis, and skull
What is the approximate total blood volume in a 70 kg man?
5.6 liters
What is the proportion of plasma in the volume of blood in adults?
55%
What percentage of body weight does blood make up for a 70 kg man?
7%
What is the primary role of erythropoietin in erythropoiesis?
Stimulating the differentiation of stem cells into reticulocytes
What is the main function of neutrophils in the blood?
Protecting against bacterial invasion and removing debris
Which component of blood is responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and plasma viscosity?
Plasma
What initiates the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
Hageman factor
Which enzyme breaks down fibrin, allowing for the removal of the blood clot?
Plasmin
What is the function of Vitamin K in blood clotting?
Activating factor II
Which type of leukocyte is primarily involved in allergic reactions and contains cytoplasmic granules with heparin and histamine?
Basophils
What is the primary role of platelets in haemostasis?
Releasing chemicals for blood clotting and vessel contraction
Which leukocyte type originates from pluripotent stem cells, developing into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes
Study Notes
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Erythropoiesis, the process of erythrocyte (red blood cell) development from stem cells, takes approximately 7 days.
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Immature cells are released into the bloodstream as reticulocytes and mature into erythrocytes, losing their nucleus in the process.
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Haemoglobin in blood binds reversibly with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin, and blood's colour changes based on oxygen levels.
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Low pH, oxygen levels (hypoxia), and temperature can cause oxyhaemoglobin to release oxygen for tissue use.
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Erythropoiesis is regulated by erythropoietin, primarily produced by the kidney in response to hypoxia.
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Erythrocytes have a lifespan of about 120 days and are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver.
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Iron from haemolysis is returned to the bone marrow to form new haemoglobin, and biliverdin is converted to bilirubin and excreted in bile.
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Leukocytes, or white blood cells, account for about 1% of blood volume and have nuclei with various granules.
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Neutrophils are fast, active scavengers that protect against bacterial invasion and remove debris, with complex lobed nuclei and short lifespan.
-
Eosinophils eliminate parasites through toxic chemicals and have a lesser role in phagocytosis, with a longer lifespan than neutrophils.
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Eosinophils accumulate in allergic inflammation sites, such as asthmatic airways and skin allergies.
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Basophils, which are closely related to allergic reactions, contain cytoplasmic granules with heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory agents.
-
Basophils degranulate in response to allergens, leading to rapid onset of allergic symptoms.
-
Mast cells are similar to basophils but are fixed in tissues and degranulate faster than basophils.
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Neutrophils, part of the agranulocytes, are the most abundant type of white blood cells and are involved in phagocytosis.
-
Monocytes and lymphocytes make up 25-50% of leukocytes; they have large nuclei and no cytoplasmic granules.
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Monocytes are the largest type of white blood cells and can be found in the blood and tissues, producing interleukin-1 and stimulating the production of activated T-lymphocytes.
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Mononuclear phagocyte system consists of monocytes and macrophages, providing effective defense in key body locations.
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Macrophages are more powerful and long-lived than neutrophils, synthesizing and releasing cytokines, and are actively phagocytic.
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Lymphocytes are smaller than monocytes and originate from pluripotent stem cells, developing into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
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Platelets are small, disc-shaped cell fragments with no nucleus, budded off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow.
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Platelets play a vital role in haemostasis, releasing chemicals for blood clotting and vessel contraction, and forming a temporary seal at the site of vascular damage.
-
The lifespan of platelets is between 8 and 11 days, and platelet production is regulated by thrombopoietin.
-
Haemostasis is a series of processes for stopping bleeding, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation (blood clotting).
-
Platelets play a vital role in haemostasis by releasing chemicals for blood clotting and vessel contraction.
-
Coagulation is a complex process involving the activation of clotting factors, eventually leading to the formation of prothrombin activator and the conversion of inactive fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads.
-
Haemostasis can be initiated by the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, leading to the activation of clotting factors and the formation of a blood clot.
-
Eosinophils accumulate in allergic inflammation sites, such as asthmatic airways and skin allergies.
-
Basophils, which are closely related to allergic reactions, contain cytoplasmic granules with heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory agents.
-
Basophils degranulate in response to allergens, leading to rapid onset of allergic symptoms.
-
Mast cells are similar to basophils but are fixed in tissues and degranulate faster than basophils.
-
Neutrophils, part of the agranulocytes, are the most abundant type of white blood cells and are involved in phagocytosis.
-
Monocytes and lymphocytes make up 25-50% of leukocytes; they have large nuclei and no cytoplasmic granules.
-
Monocytes are the largest type of white blood cells and can be found in the blood and tissues, producing interleukin-1 and stimulating the production of activated T-lymphocytes.
-
Mononuclear phagocyte system consists of monocytes and macrophages, providing effective defense in key body locations.
-
Macrophages are more powerful and long-lived than neutrophils, synthesizing and releasing cytokines, and are actively phagocytic.
-
Lymphocytes are smaller than monocytes and originate from pluripotent stem cells, developing into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
-
Platelets are small, disc-shaped cell fragments with no nucleus, budded off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow.
-
Platelets play a vital role in haemostasis, releasing chemicals for blood clotting and vessel contraction, and forming a temporary seal at the site of vascular damage.
-
The lifespan of platelets is between 8 and 11 days, and platelet production is regulated by thrombopoietin.
-
Haemostasis is a series of processes for stopping bleeding, including vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation (blood clotting).
-
Platelets play a vital role in haemostasis by releasing chemicals for blood clotting and vessel contraction.
-
Coagulation is a complex process involving the activation of clotting factors, eventually leading to the formation of prothrombin activator and the conversion of inactive fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads.
-
Haemostasis can be initiated by the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, leading to the activation of clotting factors and the formation of a blood clot.
Test your knowledge on the process of erythropoiesis and the maturation of red blood cells. Learn about the transformation from stem cells to reticulocytes and the subsequent maturation into erythrocytes within the bloodstream.
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