Erythropoiesis and Red Blood Cell Maturation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate composition of plasma in blood?

  • 70% of the volume of blood
  • 45% of the volume of blood
  • 30% of the volume of blood
  • 55% of the volume of blood (correct)

    • How is the separation of blood cells and plasma usually achieved?

  • Centrifugation (correct)
  • Simple gravity
  • Filtration
  • Evaporation

    • What proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?

  • 20%
  • 10%
  • 15%
  • 7% (correct)

    • What is the role of blood in distributing heat around the body?

    <p>Maintaining core body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antibodies transported by the blood?

    <p>Immune defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood maintain a fairly constant environment for body cells?

    <p>Continual flow around the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic reactions and has granules filled with heparin and histamine?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers basophil degranulation in allergic reactions?

    <p>Allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is similar to basophils but is fixed in tissues and degranulates rapidly?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is not present in the text but mentioned in the figure?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell circulates in the blood and produces interleukin-1, among other functions?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which non-nucleated cell fragments promote blood clotting?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the series of processes that stops bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged?

    <p>Haemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What involves multiple factors that activate each other in a specific order during blood clotting?

    <p>Coagulation cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can initiate haemostasis as part of the final common pathway?

    <p>Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

    <p>Contact with damaged blood vessel lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is responsible for the breakdown of fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?

    <p>Plasminogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does thrombin play in the process of blood clotting?

    <p>Stimulating its own production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a self-perpetuating process in blood clotting?

    <p>Positive feedback mechanism promoting continuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released from damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin?

    <p>Activators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of heparin in controlling coagulation?

    <p>Deactivating thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates coagulation by releasing a complex of chemicals called thromboplastin or tissue factor?

    <p>Damaged tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage in the breakdown of fibrin in thrombolysis?

    <p>Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is activated rapidly following tissue damage?

    <p>Extrinsic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

    <p>Transporting oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of iron released from the destruction of erythrocytes?

    <p>Returned to the bone marrow for new haemoglobin formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Defence and immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type contains granules in their cytoplasm?

    <p>Granulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils?

    <p>Protecting the body against bacterial invasion and dead tissue debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of haemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Binding reversibly with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the color of blood?

    <p>Oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the body is erythropoietin primarily produced?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are immature cells (reticulocytes) released into after leaving the bone marrow?

    <p>Bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of plasma?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells lack a nucleus and have a biconcave shape?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cell is involved in clotting and healing?

    <p>Thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of plasma proteins?

    <p>Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion?

    <p>Urea, creatinine, and uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component has various roles in immunity and infection fighting?

    <p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate proportion of plasma in the volume of blood?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of heparin in controlling coagulation?

    <p>Prevents clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released from damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin?

    <p>Plasminogen activator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Defense against infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of platelets in the bloodstream?

    <p>Promoting blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Transporting oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in immunity and infection fighting?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is transported to the kidneys for excretion as a waste product of protein metabolism?

    <p>Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hormones play in the bloodstream?

    <p>Being transported to target cells and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Immunity and infection fighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream?

    <p>Waste product carried to the lungs for excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of plasma proteins?

    <p>Regulating osmotic pressure and blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?

    <p>Eliminating parasites and releasing toxic chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of albumins in plasma?

    <p>Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic reactions and has granules filled with heparin and histamine?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma proteins?

    <p>Promoting blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates coagulation by releasing a complex of chemicals called thromboplastin or tissue factor?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

    <p>Transporting oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the color of blood?

    <p>Oxygen level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does thrombin play in the process of blood clotting?

    <p>Converts fibrinogen to fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion?

    <p>Urea and creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of haemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Transporting oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

    <p>Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Defense and immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the color of blood?

    <p>Oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thrombin in the process of blood clotting?

    <p>Activating fibrinogen to form fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are immature cells (reticulocytes) released into after leaving the bone marrow?

    <p>Bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during hemostasis?

    <p>Thromboxane A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate composition of plasma in blood?

    <p>80% water, 20% proteins and other solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

    <p>Collagen exposure to blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting following tissue damage?

    <p>Tissue factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is responsible for the breakdown of fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?

    <p>Plasminogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as a powerful stimulator of its own production in the process of blood clotting?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are activated clotting factors rapidly cleared from the blood by in the process of coagulation control?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process begins the removal of a formed blood clot and the healing of the damaged blood vessel?

    <p>Fibrinolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?

    <p>Hageman factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is converted to the enzyme plasmin in the process of thrombolysis?

    <p>Plasminogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rapidly released from the damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin during thrombolysis?

    <p>Hageman factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma proteins in controlling coagulation?

    <p>Blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma in the bloodstream?

    <p>Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component constitutes approximately 55% of the volume of blood?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate blood volume in adults, based on body weight?

    <p>$80 mL/kg$ in males and $70 mL/kg$ in females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate proportion of body weight that blood makes up in a 70 kg man?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is erythropoietin primarily produced in the body?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Immunity and infection fighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of whole blood makes up 55% of its composition?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are plasma proteins primarily produced?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of albumins in plasma?

    <p>Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which waste product of protein metabolism is carried to the kidneys for excretion?

    <p>Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur in the body?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?

    <p>Immunity and infection fighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of platelets in the bloodstream?

    <p>Clotting and healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is transported in the bloodstream to different parts of the body?

    <p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Immunity and infection fighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers basophil degranulation in allergic reactions?

    <p>Allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates coagulation by releasing a complex of chemicals called thromboplastin or tissue factor?

    <p>Intrinsic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic reactions and has granules filled with heparin and histamine?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate proportion of plasma in the volume of blood?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

    <p>Transporting oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur?

    <p>In the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does thrombin play in the process of blood clotting?

    <p>Converting fibrinogen to fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate composition of plasma in blood?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is similar to basophils but is fixed in tissues and degranulates rapidly?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Factor VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting following tissue damage?

    <p>Tissue factor (thromboplastin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is responsible for the breakdown of fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?

    <p>Plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a rapid deactivator of activated clotting factors?

    <p>Antithrombin III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?

    <p>Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?

    <p>Albumins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?

    <p>Inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as a powerful stimulator of its own production in the process of blood clotting?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythropoietin?

    <p>Stimulating erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?

    <p>Protecting the body against bacterial invasion and dead tissue debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the color of blood?

    <p>Oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in immunity and infection fighting?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma proteins in controlling coagulation?

    <p>Assisting in blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate composition of plasma in blood?

    <p>~55% of total blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is transported to the kidneys for excretion as a waste product of protein metabolism?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antibodies transported by the blood?

    <p>Protecting against bacterial invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?

    <p>Tissue factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate proportion of plasma in the volume of blood?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In adults, what is the approximate total blood volume based on body weight (in mL/kg)?

    <p>80 mL/kg in males and 70 mL/kg in females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate proportion of body weight that blood makes up in a 70 kg man?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate blood volume in a 70 kg man (in liters)?

    <p>5.6 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma in the bloodstream?

    <p>Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate proportion of blood volume and the cell fraction?

    <p>55% volume, 45% cell fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is responsible for the formation of a complex of chemicals called thromboplastin or tissue factor, which initiates coagulation?

    <p>Factor III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is essential for the synthesis of blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Factor K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is rapidly released from damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin during thrombolysis?

    <p>Factor III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is transported to the kidneys for excretion as a waste product of protein metabolism?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?

    <p>Hageman factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur in the body?

    <p>Bone Marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hormones play in the bloodstream?

    <p>Regulating various physiological functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component is primarily responsible for distributing heat around the body?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the body does haemopoiesis occur?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of platelets in the bloodstream?

    <p>Initiating coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is primarily transported to the kidneys for excretion as a waste product of protein metabolism?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the bloodstream?

    <p>Transporting oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate proportion of plasma in the volume of blood?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type contains granules in their cytoplasm?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as a powerful stimulator of its own production in the process of blood clotting?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hormones play in the bloodstream?

    <p>Regulating blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood maintain a fairly constant environment for body cells?

    <p>Through the transport of nutrients, waste products, hormones, and gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is similar to basophils but is fixed in tissues and degranulates rapidly?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur in the body?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers basophil degranulation in allergic reactions?

    <p>Allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rapidly released from the damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin during thrombolysis?

    <p>Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during hemostasis?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of albumins in plasma?

    <p>Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?

    <p>4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is mainly responsible for stimulating erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?

    <p>Protecting against bacterial invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate lifespan of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of red blood cells binds reversibly with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mainly responsible for determining the color of blood based on its oxygen levels?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of eosinophils in the bloodstream?

    <p>Destroying parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is mainly produced by the kidneys and stimulates erythropoiesis?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are erythrocytes destroyed, releasing iron and biliverdin?

    <p>Spleen, bone marrow, and liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of granulocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Protection against bacterial invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT transported by blood?

    <p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes approximately 55% of the volume of blood?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average total blood volume in adults?

    <p>80 mL/kg body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body produces erythropoietin primarily?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma proteins in controlling coagulation?

    <p>Converting plasminogen to plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is essential for the synthesis of blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?

    <p>Thromboplastin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component has a lifespan of about 120 days and is destroyed by macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily responsible for the breakdown of fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?

    <p>Plasminogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?

    <p>Defending against bacterial invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rapid deactivator of activated clotting factors during blood clotting?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type contains granules in their cytoplasm and is larger than other leukocytes?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to biliverdin after erythrocyte destruction?

    <p>It is changed into bilirubin and excreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are immature cells (reticulocytes) released after leaving the bone marrow?

    <p>Bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type is involved in defence and immunity, making up about 1% of the blood volume?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as a powerful stimulator of its own production in the process of blood clotting?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a role in regulating erythropoiesis?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the color of blood based on its oxygen levels?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of eosinophils in the bloodstream?

    <p>Eliminating parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component is primarily responsible for distributing heat around the body?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily responsible for maintaining blood viscosity and osmotic pressure?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the color of blood?

    <p>Oxygen levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is similar to basophils but is fixed in tissues and degranulates rapidly, causing allergic symptoms?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leukocyte originates from one stem cell and develops into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leukocyte type has granules filled with heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory substances?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of white blood cell circulates in the blood and produces interleukin-1, among other functions?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component is primarily responsible for promoting blood clotting?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type is not present in the provided text but is mentioned in the figure?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leukocyte type is involved in allergic inflammations like asthma airways and skin allergies?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in immunity and infection fighting?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component is non-nucleated cell fragments that promote blood clotting?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component primarily determines the color of the blood based on its oxygen levels?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur in the body?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is mainly responsible for stimulating erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of granulocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Eliminating parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?

    <p>Albumins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as a powerful stimulator of its own production in the process of blood clotting?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are immature cells (reticulocytes) released into after leaving the bone marrow?

    <p>Circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mainly responsible for determining the color of blood based on its oxygen levels?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion?

    <p>Urea and creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

    <p>Tissue factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to biliverdin after erythrocyte destruction?

    <p>It is converted to bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?

    <p>Eosinophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates coagulation by releasing a complex of chemicals called thromboplastin or tissue factor?

    <p>Endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the color of blood based on its oxygen levels?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?

    <p>Eliminating parasites and releasing toxic chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are immature cells (reticulocytes) released into after leaving the bone marrow?

    <p>Bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in immunity and infection fighting?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

    <p>Calcium ion influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hormones play in the bloodstream?

    <p>Stimulating erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is rapidly released from damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin during thrombolysis?

    <p>Plasminogen activator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the color of blood based on its oxygen levels?

    <p>Oxygen saturation levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rapid deactivator of activated clotting factors during blood clotting?

    <p>Antithrombin III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma proteins?

    <p>Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mainly responsible for determining the color of blood based on its oxygen levels?

    <p>Oxygen saturation levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of whole blood makes up 55% of its composition?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Factor V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is released from damaged tissue and initiates coagulation?

    <p>Factor VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is converted to the enzyme plasmin by activators released from damaged endothelial cells?

    <p>Plasminogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process removes the clot and allows tissue repair to proceed?

    <p>Fibrinolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism limits clotting to the affected area and terminates the process at the appropriate time?

    <p>Activated clotting factors being rapidly deactivated by anticoagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a powerful stimulator of its own production in the process of blood clotting?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for initiating the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting following tissue damage?

    <p>Factor XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for distributing heat around the body?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

    <p>Transporting oxygen to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate lifespan of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic reactions and has granules filled with heparin and histamine?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of granulocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Defending the body against bacterial invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers basophil degranulation in allergic reactions?

    <p>Allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does erythropoiesis occur?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma proteins?

    <p>Promoting blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to biliverdin after erythrocyte destruction?

    <p>It is changed into bilirubin and excreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the color of blood?

    <p>Oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?

    <p>Tissue factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?

    <p>5-6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell has granules filled with heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory substances?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is similar to basophils but is fixed in tissues and degranulates rapidly?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of platelets in the bloodstream?

    <p>Promoting blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate composition of plasma in blood?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathway is activated rapidly following tissue damage?

    <p>Extrinsic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate total blood volume in adults?

    <p>5.6 litres in a 70 kg man</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?

    <p>7% of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes approximately 55% of the volume of blood?

    <p>A clear, straw-coloured, watery fluid called plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies transported by the blood?

    <p>Infection fighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur?

    <p>In the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythropoiesis in the bloodstream?

    <p>Maturation of reticulocytes into erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the lifespan of erythrocytes?

    <p>Macrophage activity in spleen and liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of granulocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Defense and immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of iron released from the destruction of erythrocytes?

    <p>Returned to the bone marrow for new haemoglobin formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of platelets in the bloodstream?

    <p>Clotting and healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as a component of red blood cells that binds reversibly with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines blood color based on oxygen levels?

    <p>Haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neutrophils in the bloodstream?

    <p>Defence against bacterial invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers homeostatic regulation of erythropoiesis?

    <p>Low oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary waste product released from the destruction of erythrocytes?

    <p>Biliverdin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood clotting factor is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Factor VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?

    <p>Factor XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rapidly released from the damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin during thrombolysis?

    <p>Thromboplastin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is responsible for the breakdown of fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?

    <p>Fibrin stabilizing factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate composition of plasma in blood after clotting factors have been removed?

    <p>Serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are activated clotting factors rapidly deactivated by during blood clotting?

    <p>Antithrombin III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not part of the blood clotting factors?

    <p>Factor VI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a powerful stimulator of its own production during the process of blood clotting?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is primarily responsible for producing plasma proteins?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of electrolytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Maintaining blood pH balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of oxyhemoglobin in the blood?

    <p>Carrying oxygen to body tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hemopoiesis primarily occur in the body?

    <p>Bone Marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Providing immunity and fighting infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of albumins in plasma?

    <p>Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to carbon dioxide transported in the bloodstream?

    <p>It is released through exhalation in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Carrying oxygen to body tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of platelets in the bloodstream?

    <p>Being involved in clotting and healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?

    <p>Tissue factor or thromboplastin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting following tissue damage?

    <p>Tissue factor or thromboplastin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic reactions and has granules filled with heparin and histamine?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component primarily determines the color of the blood based on its oxygen levels?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does haemopoiesis occur in the body?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does thrombin play in the process of blood clotting?

    <p>Converts fibrinogen to fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is rapidly released from damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin during thrombolysis?

    <p>Tissue factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates coagulation by releasing a complex of chemicals called thromboplastin or tissue factor?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?

    <p>Defense against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of whole blood makes up 55% of its composition?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is transported to the kidneys for excretion as a waste product of protein metabolism?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Haemopoiesis is the process of blood cell development.

    • Whole blood consists of 55% plasma and 45% cells.

    • Plasma is primarily water with dissolved and suspended substances like proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and gases.

    • Plasma proteins, which make up 7% of plasma, are produced mostly in the liver and are responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity.

    • Key plasma proteins include albumins (most abundant), globulins (immunoglobulins, transport proteins, and enzyme inhibitors), and clotting factors.

    • Electrolytes like calcium, potassium, and sodium have various functions such as muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission.

    • Nutrients, waste products, hormones, and gases are transported in the bloodstream to different parts of the body.

    • Oxygen is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells (99% of blood cells) due to its low solubility in water.

    • Haemopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, where pluripotent stem cells develop into various blood cell types.

    • Red blood cells (erythrocytes) lack a nucleus, are biconcave discs, and have a lifespan of about 120 days.

    • White blood cells (leukocytes) include lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, which have various roles in immunity and infection fighting.

    • Platelets (thrombocytes) are involved in clotting and healing.

    • Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and transported in the blood to target cells and organs.

    • Carbon dioxide, a waste product, is transported to the lungs for excretion.

    • Urea, creatinine, and uric acid are waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion.

    • Erythropoiesis is the 7-day process of developing erythrocytes (red blood cells) from stem cells (see Fig. 4.3).

    • Immature cells (reticulocytes) are released into the bloodstream, maturing into erythrocytes, which lose their nucleus.

    • Haemoglobin, a component of red blood cells, binds reversibly with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin. Oxygen levels determine blood colour.

    • Oxygen binding to haemoglobin is loose, allowing for easy oxygen release especially under acidic conditions, low oxygen levels, or increased temperatures.

    • Erythropoiesis is regulated homeostatically with red cell production equal to their destruction.

    • Erythropoietin, a hormone produced mainly by the kidneys, stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels.

    • Erythrocytes, with a lifespan of about 120 days, are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver releasing iron and biliverdin.

    • Iron is returned to the bone marrow for new haemoglobin formation, while biliverdin is changed into bilirubin and excreted.

    • Leukocytes, or white blood cells, make up about 1% of the blood volume, have nuclei, and are involved in defence and immunity.

    • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) contain granules in their cytoplasm and are larger than other leukocytes.

    • Neutrophils are scavengers that protect the body against bacterial invasion and dead tissue debris. They have complex multilobed nuclei and live for 6-9 hours.

    • Eosinophils eliminate parasites and release toxic chemicals when they bind to infecting organisms.

    • Erythropoiesis is the 7-day process of developing erythrocytes (red blood cells) from stem cells (see Fig. 4.3).

    • Immature cells (reticulocytes) are released into the bloodstream, maturing into erythrocytes, which lose their nucleus.

    • Haemoglobin, a component of red blood cells, binds reversibly with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin. Oxygen levels determine blood colour.

    • Oxygen binding to haemoglobin is loose, allowing for easy oxygen release especially under acidic conditions, low oxygen levels, or increased temperatures.

    • Erythropoiesis is regulated homeostatically with red cell production equal to their destruction.

    • Erythropoietin, a hormone produced mainly by the kidneys, stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels.

    • Erythrocytes, with a lifespan of about 120 days, are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver releasing iron and biliverdin.

    • Iron is returned to the bone marrow for new haemoglobin formation, while biliverdin is changed into bilirubin and excreted.

    • Leukocytes, or white blood cells, make up about 1% of the blood volume, have nuclei, and are involved in defence and immunity.

    • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) contain granules in their cytoplasm and are larger than other leukocytes.

    • Neutrophils are scavengers that protect the body against bacterial invasion and dead tissue debris. They have complex multilobed nuclei and live for 6-9 hours.

    • Eosinophils eliminate parasites and release toxic chemicals when they bind to infecting organisms.

    • Erythropoiesis is the 7-day process of developing erythrocytes (red blood cells) from stem cells (see Fig. 4.3).

    • Immature cells (reticulocytes) are released into the bloodstream, maturing into erythrocytes, which lose their nucleus.

    • Haemoglobin, a component of red blood cells, binds reversibly with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin. Oxygen levels determine blood colour.

    • Oxygen binding to haemoglobin is loose, allowing for easy oxygen release especially under acidic conditions, low oxygen levels, or increased temperatures.

    • Erythropoiesis is regulated homeostatically with red cell production equal to their destruction.

    • Erythropoietin, a hormone produced mainly by the kidneys, stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels.

    • Erythrocytes, with a lifespan of about 120 days, are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver releasing iron and biliverdin.

    • Iron is returned to the bone marrow for new haemoglobin formation, while biliverdin is changed into bilirubin and excreted.

    • Leukocytes, or white blood cells, make up about 1% of the blood volume, have nuclei, and are involved in defence and immunity.

    • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) contain granules in their cytoplasm and are larger than other leukocytes.

    • Neutrophils are scavengers that protect the body against bacterial invasion and dead tissue debris. They have complex multilobed nuclei and live for 6-9 hours.

    • Eosinophils eliminate parasites and release toxic chemicals when they bind to infecting organisms.

    • Haemopoiesis is the process of blood cell development.

    • Whole blood consists of 55% plasma and 45% cells.

    • Plasma is primarily water with dissolved and suspended substances like proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and gases.

    • Plasma proteins, which make up 7% of plasma, are produced mostly in the liver and are responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity.

    • Key plasma proteins include albumins (most abundant), globulins (immunoglobulins, transport proteins, and enzyme inhibitors), and clotting factors.

    • Electrolytes like calcium, potassium, and sodium have various functions such as muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission.

    • Nutrients, waste products, hormones, and gases are transported in the bloodstream to different parts of the body.

    • Oxygen is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells (99% of blood cells) due to its low solubility in water.

    • Haemopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, where pluripotent stem cells develop into various blood cell types.

    • Red blood cells (erythrocytes) lack a nucleus, are biconcave discs, and have a lifespan of about 120 days.

    • White blood cells (leukocytes) include lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, which have various roles in immunity and infection fighting.

    • Platelets (thrombocytes) are involved in clotting and healing.

    • Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and transported in the blood to target cells and organs.

    • Carbon dioxide, a waste product, is transported to the lungs for excretion.

    • Urea, creatinine, and uric acid are waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion.

    • Eosinophils accumulate locally in allergic inflammations like asthma airways and skin allergies.

    • Basophils, involved in allergic reactions, have granules filled with heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory substances.

    • Stimuli that trigger basophil degranulation are allergens that bind to antibody-type receptors.

    • Mast cells are similar to basophils but are fixed in tissues and degranulate rapidly, causing allergic symptoms.

    • Neutrophils are agranulocytes that are not present in the text but are mentioned in the figure.

    • Monocytes are the largest white blood cells, which circulate in the blood and produce interleukin-1, among other functions.

    • The mononuclear phagocyte system consists mainly of monocytes and macrophages that play diverse protective roles.

    • Macrophages are much larger and more powerful than neutrophils and are long-lived.

    • Lymphocytes are smaller than monocytes and have large nuclei; they originate from one stem cell and develop into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.

    • Platelets are non-nucleated cell fragments that promote blood clotting and have a normal count between 200 x 109/L and 350 X 109/L.

    • Haemostasis is a series of processes that stops bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged.

    • Platelets initiate vasoconstriction and form a plug at the damaged site, which triggers the coagulation process.

    • Coagulation involves multiple factors that activate each other in a specific order, leading to the formation of prothrombin activator and the conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads.

    • Haemostasis can be initiated by the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways as part of the final common pathway.

    • Eosinophils accumulate locally in allergic inflammations like asthma airways and skin allergies.

    • Basophils, involved in allergic reactions, have granules filled with heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory substances.

    • Stimuli that trigger basophil degranulation are allergens that bind to antibody-type receptors.

    • Mast cells are similar to basophils but are fixed in tissues and degranulate rapidly, causing allergic symptoms.

    • Neutrophils are agranulocytes that are not present in the text but are mentioned in the figure.

    • Monocytes are the largest white blood cells, which circulate in the blood and produce interleukin-1, among other functions.

    • The mononuclear phagocyte system consists mainly of monocytes and macrophages that play diverse protective roles.

    • Macrophages are much larger and more powerful than neutrophils and are long-lived.

    • Lymphocytes are smaller than monocytes and have large nuclei; they originate from one stem cell and develop into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.

    • Platelets are non-nucleated cell fragments that promote blood clotting and have a normal count between 200 x 109/L and 350 X 109/L.

    • Haemostasis is a series of processes that stops bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged.

    • Platelets initiate vasoconstriction and form a plug at the damaged site, which triggers the coagulation process.

    • Coagulation involves multiple factors that activate each other in a specific order, leading to the formation of prothrombin activator and the conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads.

    • Haemostasis can be initiated by the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways as part of the final common pathway.

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    Test your knowledge on the process of erythrocyte development from stem cells and the maturation of red blood cells. Learn about the stages of erythropoiesis and the transformation of immature cells into functional erythrocytes within the circulation.

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