341 Questions
What is the approximate composition of plasma in blood?
55% of the volume of blood
How is the separation of blood cells and plasma usually achieved?
Centrifugation
What proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?
7%
What is the role of blood in distributing heat around the body?
Maintaining core body temperature
What is the function of antibodies transported by the blood?
Immune defense
How does blood maintain a fairly constant environment for body cells?
Continual flow around the body
Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic reactions and has granules filled with heparin and histamine?
Basophils
What triggers basophil degranulation in allergic reactions?
Allergens
Which type of white blood cell is similar to basophils but is fixed in tissues and degranulates rapidly?
Mast cells
Which type of white blood cell is not present in the text but mentioned in the figure?
Neutrophils
Which type of white blood cell circulates in the blood and produces interleukin-1, among other functions?
Monocytes
Which non-nucleated cell fragments promote blood clotting?
Platelets
What is the series of processes that stops bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged?
Haemostasis
What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?
Platelets
What involves multiple factors that activate each other in a specific order during blood clotting?
Coagulation cascade
What can initiate haemostasis as part of the final common pathway?
Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Vitamin K
What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
Contact with damaged blood vessel lining
Which factor is responsible for the breakdown of fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?
Plasminogen
What role does thrombin play in the process of blood clotting?
Stimulating its own production
Which of the following is a self-perpetuating process in blood clotting?
Positive feedback mechanism promoting continuation
What is released from damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin?
Activators
What is the role of heparin in controlling coagulation?
Deactivating thrombin
What initiates coagulation by releasing a complex of chemicals called thromboplastin or tissue factor?
Damaged tissue
What is the first stage in the breakdown of fibrin in thrombolysis?
Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
Which pathway is activated rapidly following tissue damage?
Extrinsic pathway
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Transporting oxygen
Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What is the lifespan of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?
120 days
What is the fate of iron released from the destruction of erythrocytes?
Returned to the bone marrow for new haemoglobin formation
What is the main function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?
Defence and immunity
Which leukocyte type contains granules in their cytoplasm?
Granulocytes
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
Protecting the body against bacterial invasion and dead tissue debris
Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?
Eosinophils
What is the role of haemoglobin in red blood cells?
Binding reversibly with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin
What determines the color of blood?
Oxygen levels
In which part of the body is erythropoietin primarily produced?
Kidneys
Where are immature cells (reticulocytes) released into after leaving the bone marrow?
Bloodstream
What is the primary component of plasma?
Water
Which cells lack a nucleus and have a biconcave shape?
Erythrocytes
Where does haemopoiesis occur?
Bone marrow
Which type of blood cell is involved in clotting and healing?
Thrombocytes
What is the main function of plasma proteins?
Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity
Which substance is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells?
Oxygen
What are the waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion?
Urea, creatinine, and uric acid
Which blood component has various roles in immunity and infection fighting?
Leukocytes
What is the approximate proportion of plasma in the volume of blood?
55%
What is the role of heparin in controlling coagulation?
Prevents clot formation
Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
Where does haemopoiesis occur?
Bone marrow
What is released from damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin?
Plasminogen activator
What is the primary function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?
Defense against infection
Which blood component is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?
Plasma proteins
What is the primary function of platelets in the bloodstream?
Promoting blood clotting
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?
Transporting oxygen
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in immunity and infection fighting?
Lymphocytes
Where does haemopoiesis occur?
Bone marrow
Which substance is transported to the kidneys for excretion as a waste product of protein metabolism?
Uric acid
What role do hormones play in the bloodstream?
Being transported to target cells and organs
What is the primary function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?
Immunity and infection fighting
What is the role of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream?
Waste product carried to the lungs for excretion
What is the main function of plasma proteins?
Regulating osmotic pressure and blood viscosity
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?
Eliminating parasites and releasing toxic chemicals
What is the primary role of albumins in plasma?
Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity
Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic reactions and has granules filled with heparin and histamine?
Eosinophils
What is the primary function of plasma proteins?
Promoting blood clotting
What initiates coagulation by releasing a complex of chemicals called thromboplastin or tissue factor?
Platelets
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Transporting oxygen
Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?
Neutrophils
Where does haemopoiesis occur?
Bone marrow
What determines the color of blood?
Oxygen level
What role does thrombin play in the process of blood clotting?
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
What are the waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion?
Urea and creatinine
What is the role of haemoglobin in red blood cells?
Transporting oxygen
Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What is the main function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?
Defense and immunity
What determines the color of blood?
Oxygen levels
What is the role of thrombin in the process of blood clotting?
Activating fibrinogen to form fibrin
Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?
Eosinophils
Where are immature cells (reticulocytes) released into after leaving the bone marrow?
Bloodstream
What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during hemostasis?
Thromboxane A2
What is the approximate composition of plasma in blood?
80% water, 20% proteins and other solutes
What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
Collagen exposure to blood
Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Vitamin K
What initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting following tissue damage?
Tissue factor
Which factor is responsible for the breakdown of fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?
Plasminogen
What serves as a powerful stimulator of its own production in the process of blood clotting?
Thrombin
What are activated clotting factors rapidly cleared from the blood by in the process of coagulation control?
Liver
Which process begins the removal of a formed blood clot and the healing of the damaged blood vessel?
Fibrinolysis
What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?
Hageman factor
Which substance is converted to the enzyme plasmin in the process of thrombolysis?
Plasminogen
What is rapidly released from the damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin during thrombolysis?
Hageman factor
What is the primary function of plasma proteins in controlling coagulation?
Blood clotting
What is the primary function of plasma in the bloodstream?
Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity
Which blood component constitutes approximately 55% of the volume of blood?
Plasma
What is the approximate blood volume in adults, based on body weight?
$80 mL/kg$ in males and $70 mL/kg$ in females
What is the approximate proportion of body weight that blood makes up in a 70 kg man?
7%
Where is erythropoietin primarily produced in the body?
Kidneys
What is the primary function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?
Immunity and infection fighting
Which component of whole blood makes up 55% of its composition?
Plasma proteins
Where are plasma proteins primarily produced?
Liver
What is the primary function of albumins in plasma?
Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity
Which waste product of protein metabolism is carried to the kidneys for excretion?
Uric acid
Where does haemopoiesis occur in the body?
Bone marrow
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?
Immunity and infection fighting
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?
Oxygen transport
What is the primary role of platelets in the bloodstream?
Clotting and healing
Which substance is transported in the bloodstream to different parts of the body?
Hormones
What is the primary function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?
Immunity and infection fighting
What triggers basophil degranulation in allergic reactions?
Allergens
What initiates coagulation by releasing a complex of chemicals called thromboplastin or tissue factor?
Intrinsic pathway
Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic reactions and has granules filled with heparin and histamine?
Eosinophils
What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?
Platelets
What is the approximate proportion of plasma in the volume of blood?
55%
Which blood component is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?
Plasma proteins
What are the waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion?
Urea
Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?
Eosinophils
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Transporting oxygen
Where does haemopoiesis occur?
In the bone marrow
What role does thrombin play in the process of blood clotting?
Converting fibrinogen to fibrin
What is the approximate composition of plasma in blood?
55%
What proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?
10%
Which type of white blood cell is similar to basophils but is fixed in tissues and degranulates rapidly?
Macrophages
Which of the following factors is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Factor VII
What initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting following tissue damage?
Tissue factor (thromboplastin)
Which factor is responsible for the breakdown of fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?
Plasmin
Which of the following is a rapid deactivator of activated clotting factors?
Antithrombin III
What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA)
Which of the following is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?
Albumins
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?
Inflammatory response
Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What serves as a powerful stimulator of its own production in the process of blood clotting?
Thrombin
Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Vitamin K
What is the primary function of erythropoietin?
Stimulating erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels
Which blood component is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?
Plasma proteins
Where does haemopoiesis occur?
Bone marrow
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?
Protecting the body against bacterial invasion and dead tissue debris
What determines the color of blood?
Oxygen levels
What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?
Platelets
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in immunity and infection fighting?
Lymphocytes
What is the primary function of plasma proteins in controlling coagulation?
Assisting in blood clotting
What is the approximate composition of plasma in blood?
~55% of total blood volume
Which substance is transported to the kidneys for excretion as a waste product of protein metabolism?
Urea
What is the function of antibodies transported by the blood?
Protecting against bacterial invasion
What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?
Tissue factor
What is the approximate proportion of plasma in the volume of blood?
55%
In adults, what is the approximate total blood volume based on body weight (in mL/kg)?
80 mL/kg in males and 70 mL/kg in females
What is the approximate proportion of body weight that blood makes up in a 70 kg man?
7%
What is the approximate blood volume in a 70 kg man (in liters)?
5.6 liters
What is the primary function of plasma in the bloodstream?
Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity
What is the approximate proportion of blood volume and the cell fraction?
55% volume, 45% cell fraction
Which factor is responsible for the formation of a complex of chemicals called thromboplastin or tissue factor, which initiates coagulation?
Factor III
Which factor is essential for the synthesis of blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Factor K
Which factor is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?
Albumin
Which factor is rapidly released from damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin during thrombolysis?
Factor III
Which substance is transported to the kidneys for excretion as a waste product of protein metabolism?
Urea
Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?
Eosinophils
What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?
Hageman factor
Where does haemopoiesis occur in the body?
Bone Marrow
What role do hormones play in the bloodstream?
Regulating various physiological functions
Which blood component is primarily responsible for distributing heat around the body?
Erythrocytes
In which part of the body does haemopoiesis occur?
Bone marrow
What is the primary function of platelets in the bloodstream?
Initiating coagulation
Which of the following substances is primarily transported to the kidneys for excretion as a waste product of protein metabolism?
Urea
What is the primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the bloodstream?
Transporting oxygen
Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What is the approximate proportion of plasma in the volume of blood?
55%
Which leukocyte type contains granules in their cytoplasm?
Basophils
What proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?
7%
What serves as a powerful stimulator of its own production in the process of blood clotting?
Thrombin
What role do hormones play in the bloodstream?
Regulating blood sugar levels
How does blood maintain a fairly constant environment for body cells?
Through the transport of nutrients, waste products, hormones, and gases
Which type of white blood cell is similar to basophils but is fixed in tissues and degranulates rapidly?
Eosinophils
What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?
Platelets
Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
Which of the following factors is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Vitamin K
Where does haemopoiesis occur in the body?
Bone marrow
What are the waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion?
Urea
Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?
Eosinophils
What triggers basophil degranulation in allergic reactions?
Allergens
What is rapidly released from the damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin during thrombolysis?
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during hemostasis?
Platelets
What is the primary role of albumins in plasma?
Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity
What proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?
4%
Which hormone is mainly responsible for stimulating erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?
Protecting against bacterial invasion
What is the approximate lifespan of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?
120 days
Which component of red blood cells binds reversibly with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin?
Hemoglobin
What is mainly responsible for determining the color of blood based on its oxygen levels?
Hemoglobin
What is the primary function of eosinophils in the bloodstream?
Destroying parasites
Which hormone is mainly produced by the kidneys and stimulates erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin
Where are erythrocytes destroyed, releasing iron and biliverdin?
Spleen, bone marrow, and liver
What is the primary role of granulocytes in the bloodstream?
Protection against bacterial invasion
Which of the following is NOT transported by blood?
Enzymes
What constitutes approximately 55% of the volume of blood?
Plasma
What is the average total blood volume in adults?
80 mL/kg body weight
Which part of the body produces erythropoietin primarily?
Kidneys
Approximately what proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?
7%
What is the primary function of plasma proteins in controlling coagulation?
Converting plasminogen to plasmin
Which cells are primarily responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood?
Erythrocytes
Which substance is essential for the synthesis of blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Vitamin K
What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What initiates the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?
Thromboplastin
Which blood component has a lifespan of about 120 days and is destroyed by macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver?
Erythrocytes
Which factor is primarily responsible for the breakdown of fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?
Plasminogen
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?
Defending against bacterial invasion
What is a rapid deactivator of activated clotting factors during blood clotting?
Heparin
Which leukocyte type contains granules in their cytoplasm and is larger than other leukocytes?
Basophils
Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?
Eosinophils
What happens to biliverdin after erythrocyte destruction?
It is changed into bilirubin and excreted
Where are immature cells (reticulocytes) released after leaving the bone marrow?
Bloodstream
Which leukocyte type is involved in defence and immunity, making up about 1% of the blood volume?
Lymphocytes
What serves as a powerful stimulator of its own production in the process of blood clotting?
Thrombin
Which hormone plays a role in regulating erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin
What determines the color of blood based on its oxygen levels?
Hemoglobin
What is the primary function of eosinophils in the bloodstream?
Eliminating parasites
Which blood component is primarily responsible for distributing heat around the body?
Red blood cells
Which cells are primarily responsible for maintaining blood viscosity and osmotic pressure?
Erythrocytes
What is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?
Albumin
What determines the color of blood?
Oxygen levels in the blood
Which type of white blood cell is similar to basophils but is fixed in tissues and degranulates rapidly, causing allergic symptoms?
Macrophages
What type of leukocyte originates from one stem cell and develops into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes?
Platelets
Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?
Basophils
What leukocyte type has granules filled with heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory substances?
Monocytes
What type of white blood cell circulates in the blood and produces interleukin-1, among other functions?
Neutrophils
Which blood component is primarily responsible for promoting blood clotting?
Plasma proteins
What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?
Platelets
Which leukocyte type is not present in the provided text but is mentioned in the figure?
Eosinophils
What leukocyte type is involved in allergic inflammations like asthma airways and skin allergies?
Lymphocytes
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in immunity and infection fighting?
Neutrophils
Which blood component is non-nucleated cell fragments that promote blood clotting?
Monocytes
Where does haemopoiesis occur?
Kidneys
Which blood component primarily determines the color of the blood based on its oxygen levels?
Red blood cells
Where does haemopoiesis occur in the body?
Bone marrow
Which hormone is mainly responsible for stimulating erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What is the primary role of granulocytes in the bloodstream?
Eliminating parasites
Which factor is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?
Albumins
What serves as a powerful stimulator of its own production in the process of blood clotting?
Fibrinogen
Where are immature cells (reticulocytes) released into after leaving the bone marrow?
Circulatory system
What is mainly responsible for determining the color of blood based on its oxygen levels?
Hemoglobin
What are the waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion?
Urea and creatinine
What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
Tissue factor
Which substance is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?
Albumin
What happens to biliverdin after erythrocyte destruction?
It is converted to bilirubin
Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?
Eosinophil
What initiates coagulation by releasing a complex of chemicals called thromboplastin or tissue factor?
Endothelial cells
What determines the color of blood based on its oxygen levels?
Hemoglobin
Which of the following factors is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Vitamin K
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?
Eliminating parasites and releasing toxic chemicals
Where are immature cells (reticulocytes) released into after leaving the bone marrow?
Bloodstream
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in immunity and infection fighting?
Lymphocytes
What triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
Calcium ion influx
What role do hormones play in the bloodstream?
Stimulating erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels
Which factor is rapidly released from damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin during thrombolysis?
Plasminogen activator
What determines the color of blood based on its oxygen levels?
Oxygen saturation levels
What is a rapid deactivator of activated clotting factors during blood clotting?
Antithrombin III
What is the primary function of plasma proteins?
Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity
Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What is mainly responsible for determining the color of blood based on its oxygen levels?
Oxygen saturation levels
Which component of whole blood makes up 55% of its composition?
Plasma
Which factor is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Factor V
Which factor is released from damaged tissue and initiates coagulation?
Factor VII
What is converted to the enzyme plasmin by activators released from damaged endothelial cells?
Plasminogen
Which process removes the clot and allows tissue repair to proceed?
Fibrinolysis
Which mechanism limits clotting to the affected area and terminates the process at the appropriate time?
Activated clotting factors being rapidly deactivated by anticoagulants
What is a powerful stimulator of its own production in the process of blood clotting?
Thrombin
What is responsible for initiating the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting following tissue damage?
Factor XII
What are the primary waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion?
Urea
What is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?
Plasma proteins
What is primarily responsible for distributing heat around the body?
Erythrocytes
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Transporting oxygen to tissues
Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What is the approximate lifespan of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?
120 days
Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic reactions and has granules filled with heparin and histamine?
Basophils
What is the primary role of granulocytes in the bloodstream?
Defending the body against bacterial invasion
What triggers basophil degranulation in allergic reactions?
Allergens
Where does erythropoiesis occur?
Bone marrow
What is the primary function of plasma proteins?
Promoting blood clotting
What happens to biliverdin after erythrocyte destruction?
It is changed into bilirubin and excreted
What determines the color of blood?
Oxygen levels
What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?
Tissue factor
What proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?
5-6%
Which type of white blood cell has granules filled with heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory substances?
Eosinophils
Which type of white blood cell is similar to basophils but is fixed in tissues and degranulates rapidly?
Mast cells
What is the primary function of platelets in the bloodstream?
Promoting blood clotting
What is the approximate composition of plasma in blood?
55%
What pathway is activated rapidly following tissue damage?
Extrinsic pathway
Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?
Eosinophils
What is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity?
Erythrocytes
What is the approximate total blood volume in adults?
5.6 litres in a 70 kg man
What proportion of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?
7% of body weight
What constitutes approximately 55% of the volume of blood?
A clear, straw-coloured, watery fluid called plasma
Which hormone primarily stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What is the primary function of antibodies transported by the blood?
Infection fighting
Where does haemopoiesis occur?
In the bone marrow
What is the primary function of erythropoiesis in the bloodstream?
Maturation of reticulocytes into erythrocytes
What determines the lifespan of erythrocytes?
Macrophage activity in spleen and liver
Which hormone primarily stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
What is the primary role of granulocytes in the bloodstream?
Defense and immunity
What is the fate of iron released from the destruction of erythrocytes?
Returned to the bone marrow for new haemoglobin formation
What is the primary function of platelets in the bloodstream?
Clotting and healing
Where does haemopoiesis occur?
Bone marrow
What serves as a component of red blood cells that binds reversibly with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin?
Hemoglobin
What primarily determines blood color based on oxygen levels?
Haemoglobin
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the bloodstream?
Defence against bacterial invasion
What triggers homeostatic regulation of erythropoiesis?
Low oxygen levels
What is the primary waste product released from the destruction of erythrocytes?
Biliverdin
Which blood clotting factor is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Factor VII
What initiates the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?
Factor XII
What is rapidly released from the damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin during thrombolysis?
Thromboplastin
Which factor is responsible for the breakdown of fibrin in the process of thrombolysis?
Fibrin stabilizing factor
What is the approximate composition of plasma in blood after clotting factors have been removed?
Serum
Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X?
Vitamin K
What are activated clotting factors rapidly deactivated by during blood clotting?
Antithrombin III
Which factor is not part of the blood clotting factors?
Factor VI
What is a powerful stimulator of its own production during the process of blood clotting?
Thrombin
Which organ is primarily responsible for producing plasma proteins?
Liver
What is the primary function of electrolytes in the bloodstream?
Maintaining blood pH balance
What is the primary function of oxyhemoglobin in the blood?
Carrying oxygen to body tissues
Where does hemopoiesis primarily occur in the body?
Bone Marrow
What is the primary function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?
Providing immunity and fighting infections
What is the primary role of albumins in plasma?
Maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity
What happens to carbon dioxide transported in the bloodstream?
It is released through exhalation in the lungs
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?
Carrying oxygen to body tissues
What is the primary role of platelets in the bloodstream?
Being involved in clotting and healing
What initiates the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting when blood comes into contact with damaged blood vessel lining?
Tissue factor or thromboplastin
What triggers the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting following tissue damage?
Tissue factor or thromboplastin
Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic reactions and has granules filled with heparin and histamine?
Basophils
What initiates vasoconstriction and forms a plug at the damaged site during haemostasis?
Platelets
Which blood component primarily determines the color of the blood based on its oxygen levels?
Red blood cells
Where does haemopoiesis occur in the body?
Bone marrow
What role does thrombin play in the process of blood clotting?
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels?
Erythropoietin
Which leukocyte type eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals?
Eosinophils
What factor is rapidly released from damaged endothelial cells to convert plasminogen to plasmin during thrombolysis?
Tissue factor
What initiates coagulation by releasing a complex of chemicals called thromboplastin or tissue factor?
Platelets
What is the primary function of leukocytes in the bloodstream?
Defense against infections
What component of whole blood makes up 55% of its composition?
Red blood cells
What substance is transported to the kidneys for excretion as a waste product of protein metabolism?
Urea
Study Notes
-
Haemopoiesis is the process of blood cell development.
-
Whole blood consists of 55% plasma and 45% cells.
-
Plasma is primarily water with dissolved and suspended substances like proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and gases.
-
Plasma proteins, which make up 7% of plasma, are produced mostly in the liver and are responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity.
-
Key plasma proteins include albumins (most abundant), globulins (immunoglobulins, transport proteins, and enzyme inhibitors), and clotting factors.
-
Electrolytes like calcium, potassium, and sodium have various functions such as muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission.
-
Nutrients, waste products, hormones, and gases are transported in the bloodstream to different parts of the body.
-
Oxygen is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells (99% of blood cells) due to its low solubility in water.
-
Haemopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, where pluripotent stem cells develop into various blood cell types.
-
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) lack a nucleus, are biconcave discs, and have a lifespan of about 120 days.
-
White blood cells (leukocytes) include lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, which have various roles in immunity and infection fighting.
-
Platelets (thrombocytes) are involved in clotting and healing.
-
Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and transported in the blood to target cells and organs.
-
Carbon dioxide, a waste product, is transported to the lungs for excretion.
-
Urea, creatinine, and uric acid are waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion.
-
Erythropoiesis is the 7-day process of developing erythrocytes (red blood cells) from stem cells (see Fig. 4.3).
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Immature cells (reticulocytes) are released into the bloodstream, maturing into erythrocytes, which lose their nucleus.
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Haemoglobin, a component of red blood cells, binds reversibly with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin. Oxygen levels determine blood colour.
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Oxygen binding to haemoglobin is loose, allowing for easy oxygen release especially under acidic conditions, low oxygen levels, or increased temperatures.
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Erythropoiesis is regulated homeostatically with red cell production equal to their destruction.
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Erythropoietin, a hormone produced mainly by the kidneys, stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels.
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Erythrocytes, with a lifespan of about 120 days, are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver releasing iron and biliverdin.
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Iron is returned to the bone marrow for new haemoglobin formation, while biliverdin is changed into bilirubin and excreted.
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Leukocytes, or white blood cells, make up about 1% of the blood volume, have nuclei, and are involved in defence and immunity.
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Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) contain granules in their cytoplasm and are larger than other leukocytes.
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Neutrophils are scavengers that protect the body against bacterial invasion and dead tissue debris. They have complex multilobed nuclei and live for 6-9 hours.
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Eosinophils eliminate parasites and release toxic chemicals when they bind to infecting organisms.
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Erythropoiesis is the 7-day process of developing erythrocytes (red blood cells) from stem cells (see Fig. 4.3).
-
Immature cells (reticulocytes) are released into the bloodstream, maturing into erythrocytes, which lose their nucleus.
-
Haemoglobin, a component of red blood cells, binds reversibly with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin. Oxygen levels determine blood colour.
-
Oxygen binding to haemoglobin is loose, allowing for easy oxygen release especially under acidic conditions, low oxygen levels, or increased temperatures.
-
Erythropoiesis is regulated homeostatically with red cell production equal to their destruction.
-
Erythropoietin, a hormone produced mainly by the kidneys, stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels.
-
Erythrocytes, with a lifespan of about 120 days, are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver releasing iron and biliverdin.
-
Iron is returned to the bone marrow for new haemoglobin formation, while biliverdin is changed into bilirubin and excreted.
-
Leukocytes, or white blood cells, make up about 1% of the blood volume, have nuclei, and are involved in defence and immunity.
-
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) contain granules in their cytoplasm and are larger than other leukocytes.
-
Neutrophils are scavengers that protect the body against bacterial invasion and dead tissue debris. They have complex multilobed nuclei and live for 6-9 hours.
-
Eosinophils eliminate parasites and release toxic chemicals when they bind to infecting organisms.
-
Erythropoiesis is the 7-day process of developing erythrocytes (red blood cells) from stem cells (see Fig. 4.3).
-
Immature cells (reticulocytes) are released into the bloodstream, maturing into erythrocytes, which lose their nucleus.
-
Haemoglobin, a component of red blood cells, binds reversibly with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin. Oxygen levels determine blood colour.
-
Oxygen binding to haemoglobin is loose, allowing for easy oxygen release especially under acidic conditions, low oxygen levels, or increased temperatures.
-
Erythropoiesis is regulated homeostatically with red cell production equal to their destruction.
-
Erythropoietin, a hormone produced mainly by the kidneys, stimulates erythropoiesis in response to low oxygen levels.
-
Erythrocytes, with a lifespan of about 120 days, are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver releasing iron and biliverdin.
-
Iron is returned to the bone marrow for new haemoglobin formation, while biliverdin is changed into bilirubin and excreted.
-
Leukocytes, or white blood cells, make up about 1% of the blood volume, have nuclei, and are involved in defence and immunity.
-
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) contain granules in their cytoplasm and are larger than other leukocytes.
-
Neutrophils are scavengers that protect the body against bacterial invasion and dead tissue debris. They have complex multilobed nuclei and live for 6-9 hours.
-
Eosinophils eliminate parasites and release toxic chemicals when they bind to infecting organisms.
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Haemopoiesis is the process of blood cell development.
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Whole blood consists of 55% plasma and 45% cells.
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Plasma is primarily water with dissolved and suspended substances like proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and gases.
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Plasma proteins, which make up 7% of plasma, are produced mostly in the liver and are responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and blood viscosity.
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Key plasma proteins include albumins (most abundant), globulins (immunoglobulins, transport proteins, and enzyme inhibitors), and clotting factors.
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Electrolytes like calcium, potassium, and sodium have various functions such as muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission.
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Nutrients, waste products, hormones, and gases are transported in the bloodstream to different parts of the body.
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Oxygen is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells (99% of blood cells) due to its low solubility in water.
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Haemopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, where pluripotent stem cells develop into various blood cell types.
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Red blood cells (erythrocytes) lack a nucleus, are biconcave discs, and have a lifespan of about 120 days.
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White blood cells (leukocytes) include lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, which have various roles in immunity and infection fighting.
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Platelets (thrombocytes) are involved in clotting and healing.
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Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and transported in the blood to target cells and organs.
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Carbon dioxide, a waste product, is transported to the lungs for excretion.
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Urea, creatinine, and uric acid are waste products of protein metabolism carried to the kidneys for excretion.
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Eosinophils accumulate locally in allergic inflammations like asthma airways and skin allergies.
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Basophils, involved in allergic reactions, have granules filled with heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory substances.
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Stimuli that trigger basophil degranulation are allergens that bind to antibody-type receptors.
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Mast cells are similar to basophils but are fixed in tissues and degranulate rapidly, causing allergic symptoms.
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Neutrophils are agranulocytes that are not present in the text but are mentioned in the figure.
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Monocytes are the largest white blood cells, which circulate in the blood and produce interleukin-1, among other functions.
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The mononuclear phagocyte system consists mainly of monocytes and macrophages that play diverse protective roles.
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Macrophages are much larger and more powerful than neutrophils and are long-lived.
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Lymphocytes are smaller than monocytes and have large nuclei; they originate from one stem cell and develop into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
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Platelets are non-nucleated cell fragments that promote blood clotting and have a normal count between 200 x 109/L and 350 X 109/L.
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Haemostasis is a series of processes that stops bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged.
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Platelets initiate vasoconstriction and form a plug at the damaged site, which triggers the coagulation process.
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Coagulation involves multiple factors that activate each other in a specific order, leading to the formation of prothrombin activator and the conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads.
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Haemostasis can be initiated by the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways as part of the final common pathway.
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Eosinophils accumulate locally in allergic inflammations like asthma airways and skin allergies.
-
Basophils, involved in allergic reactions, have granules filled with heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory substances.
-
Stimuli that trigger basophil degranulation are allergens that bind to antibody-type receptors.
-
Mast cells are similar to basophils but are fixed in tissues and degranulate rapidly, causing allergic symptoms.
-
Neutrophils are agranulocytes that are not present in the text but are mentioned in the figure.
-
Monocytes are the largest white blood cells, which circulate in the blood and produce interleukin-1, among other functions.
-
The mononuclear phagocyte system consists mainly of monocytes and macrophages that play diverse protective roles.
-
Macrophages are much larger and more powerful than neutrophils and are long-lived.
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Lymphocytes are smaller than monocytes and have large nuclei; they originate from one stem cell and develop into T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
-
Platelets are non-nucleated cell fragments that promote blood clotting and have a normal count between 200 x 109/L and 350 X 109/L.
-
Haemostasis is a series of processes that stops bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged.
-
Platelets initiate vasoconstriction and form a plug at the damaged site, which triggers the coagulation process.
-
Coagulation involves multiple factors that activate each other in a specific order, leading to the formation of prothrombin activator and the conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads.
-
Haemostasis can be initiated by the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways as part of the final common pathway.
Test your knowledge on the process of erythrocyte development from stem cells and the maturation of red blood cells. Learn about the stages of erythropoiesis and the transformation of immature cells into functional erythrocytes within the circulation.
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