Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

An intellectual movement based on the application of scientific thinking and methodology to human interactions and endeavors. It challenged tradition and authorities with new ideas.

A major change in European thought that involved developments in astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology, and anatomy. It challenged widely accepted ideas.

<p>The idea that everything in the universe works according to the same rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Locke believed that everyone is born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property. These rights should not be taken away by the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People should have a right to revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hobbes believed that a commonwealth is necessary to prevent chaos and war. Without a strong government, humans would be in a constant struggle for power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The right and power of a person or nation to govern themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke believed that in the state of nature, humans were free, equal, and independent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hobbes believed that the state of nature was violent, competitive, and prone to war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An agreement between people and the government where the government gets its power from the people and the people can alter or abolish the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau argued that the common good should be prioritized over individual needs for a just society. He also promoted popular sovereignty and equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montesquieu believed that power should be distributed among different branches of government to prevent tyranny. He advocated for the separation of powers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montesquieu believed that political liberty could be achieved through the separation of powers: judicial, legislative, and executive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was the French word for &quot;philosopher&quot; and it described all intellectuals during the Enlightenment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Enlightenment believed that people have the ability to use their reason to make good decisions and discover new knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Enlightenment believed that humanity is making progress towards a complete understanding and perfect society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Enlightenment believed that everything in society works according to discoverable and understandable laws of nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adam Smith believed that private property, competition, self-interest, and freedom of choice were essential for economic growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A natural, self-regulating mechanism that guides the market.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The traditional system of governance in pre-revolutionary France</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A French social hierarchy that divided society into three estates: the First Estate (clergy), the Second Estate (nobility), and the Third Estate (everyone else).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were a wealthy and educated class that felt oppressed by the existing social and political system. They played a key role in the revolution, demanding reforms and ultimately seeking to establish a more democratic and equitable society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate in 1789 to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stormed the Bastille to seize weapons and ammunition, which symbolized a powerful act of defiance against the French monarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These words represent the core values of the French Revolution, which sought to establish liberty, equality, and fraternity for all citizens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A declaration approved by the king and written by the National Assembly in 1789, it formed the basis of the new French constitution and outlined fundamental human rights and freedoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A period of extreme violence and repression during the French Revolution, marked by the use of the guillotine. It ultimately led to public disillusionment and fear, culminating in the execution of Maximilien Robespierre, who led the Committee of Public Safety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Napoleon Bonaparte seized power from the Directory in 1799 and implemented significant reforms, including the Napoleonic Code, educational and military reforms, and intellectual and artistic movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Civil Code standardized laws across France, laying the foundation for modern legal systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ideology that emphasized devotion to one's nation above all else.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A political ideology that emphasizes liberty, equality, and tolerance. It advocates for a government that represents the people and protects individual rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were the wealthy white plantation owners, the elite of the society and staunchly opposed to equal rights and the abolition of slavery, making them the primary target of the revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were the poor white population of Saint Domingue who played a significant role in the revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leader of the Haitian Revolution who freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti. He was a skilled military strategist and diplomat, known for his intelligence and pragmatism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toussaint L’Ouverture drafted it to establish order and stability in Haiti, which was a colony of France at the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It declared Haiti’s independence from France, marking a major victory for the Haitian people after years of struggle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>France demanded a huge sum of money from Haiti for “damages done to France” during the revolution. This forced Haiti to take out loans from France, creating a double debt that has hindered Haiti’s development ever since.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were the Spanish-born ruling class, holding the highest positions in society and exercising control over the colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were descendants of Spanish-born individuals but born in Latin America, relegated to inferior social, political, and economic status compared to peninsulares.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He was a priest and creole who led the first wave of the Mexican Revolution. His goals included seizing European property, abolishing the Indian tribute, ending slavery, and invoking support of the Virgin Mary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A declaration written by José Morelos, it outlined a vision for an independent Mexico, abolishing slavery, ending European-based class privileges, and promoting social justice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A passionate call to arms delivered by Father Miguel Hidalgo, urging the Mexican people to rise against Spanish rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A governing body or council formed to assume control of local government, often as a part of efforts to resist Spanish colonial rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A plan drafted by Agustín de Iturbide that called for a constitutional monarchy and independence from Spain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant revolutionary leader in South America, known as &quot;The Liberator.&quot; He led independence movements in Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A period of significant technological advancements and economic transformation that began in Britain in the mid-18th century.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advancements in farming leading to less reliance on agricultural labor, abundant natural resources for machinery and coal, technological inventions, a stable British economy, population growth providing a workforce, and existing trade markets all contributed to the Industrial Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Industrial Revolution led to the displacement of small farmers, the rise of wage labor, crowded city living, increased poverty, child labor, and ultimately, both benefits and consequences for society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People opposed to industrialization and new technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A system where the state owns the means of production and controls the economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 19th-century philosopher, economist, and theorist who wrote extensively about capitalism and the nature of society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The working class, particularly those who labored in factories during the Industrial Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that outlined a critique of capitalism and argued for a socialist revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An economic system where the government has minimal or no interference in the market.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It became increasingly intense and aggressive, emphasizing a nation's unique identity and superiority, often fueling imperial ambitions and conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The establishment and maintenance of political control over another country, often involving settlement and exploitation of resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It gave European armies a significant advantage in battle, allowing them to fire hundreds of rounds per minute without reloading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A meeting in 1884-1885 where European powers divided up the continent of Africa without regard for existing African boundaries or cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The invasion and colonization of Africa by European powers, driven by economic interests, political competition, and advancements in technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The application of the theory of evolution to human society, suggesting that stronger races and nations are destined to dominate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pseudoscientific belief in inherent racial differences that rationalized racial prejudice and discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stands for Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A military alliance between Britain, France, and Russia during World War I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A military alliance between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy (though Italy eventually switched sides during the war).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A powerful battleship launched by Britain in 1906 that revolutionized naval warfare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He was a Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in 1914, sparking a chain reaction that led to war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination by a Serbian nationalist sparked the outbreak of World War I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A form of warfare involving complete mobilization of a nation’s resources, including civilians, and the blurring of lines between combatants and non-combatants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A military strategy that aims to wear down the enemy through prolonged battles and heavy casualties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A form of warfare in which opposing armies fought each other from trenches dug into the battlefield.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The non-combatant part of a nation involved in war efforts, including civilians who contributed to war production, fundraising, and morale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was a British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, killing over 1,200 people, including 128 Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He was the President of the United States during World War I. He initially sought neutrality, but ultimately declared war on Germany in 1917.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A secret diplomatic message sent by Germany to Mexico, intercepted by British intelligence, proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico.</p> Signup and view all the answers