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Questions and Answers
What characterized the Enlightenment era in Europe?
What was the primary concern of Thomas Hobbes in his book 'Leviathan'?
What type of government is characterized by a monarch's powers being restricted by a constitution?
What was the primary goal of the Philosophes during the Enlightenment?
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What document signed in 1215 in England limited the power of the king and established certain rights for the people?
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What is the term for a deep understanding or realization of something?
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What type of agreement is implied among members of a society to cooperate for social benefits?
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What English philosopher believed in natural rights like life, liberty, and property?
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Which Enlightenment thinker is known for advocating the freedom of speech, religion, and separation of church and state?
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What concept involves the division of government responsibilities into separate branches to prevent the abuse of power?
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Which term describes a government where a single authority holds absolute power and often rules oppressively?
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Who is the philosopher behind the theory advocating the division of government authority into distinct branches?
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Which Enlightenment figure is most closely associated with advocating for women's rights and education?
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What is explicitly included in the concept of natural rights?
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Study Notes
Enlightenment Era
- The Enlightenment was a European era marked by a focus on reason, individualism, and skepticism towards traditional authority.
- This era led to significant advancements in various fields.
Philosophes
- Philosophes were thinkers who promoted reason, science, and social progress during the Enlightenment.
Scientific Revolution
- The Scientific Revolution was a time when people started using observation and experimentation to understand the world.
- This led to big discoveries in science and math.
Renaissance
- The Renaissance was a time in Europe when there was a renewed interest in art, literature, and learning from ancient times.
- This led to many important discoveries and creations.
Reformation
- The Reformation was a time when people broke away from the Catholic Church to start their own branches of Christianity.
Key Thinkers
- Thomas Hobbes believed that strong government was necessary to prevent chaos in society.
- John Locke believed in natural rights like life, liberty, and property.
Government and Politics
- A constitutional monarchy is a government where a monarch's powers are restricted by a constitution, sharing authority with an elected parliament.
- The Magna Carta was a document signed in 1215 in England that limited the power of the king and established certain rights for the people.
- A Bill of Rights is a list of fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to citizens, often found in the constitutions of democratic countries.
- Social Contract is an implicit agreement among members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, usually by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection and order.
- Natural Rights are rights inherent to human beings, not dependent on laws or customs, often including the rights to life, liberty, and property.
- Montesquieu's theory of the separation of powers advocates for dividing government authority into distinct branches to prevent tyranny.
- Separation of Powers is the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another.
- Despotism is a form of government where a single authority, such as a monarch or dictator, holds absolute power, often ruling oppressively and arbitrarily.
Notable Thinkers
- Voltaire advocated for freedom of speech, religion, and separation of church and state, and criticized intolerance and injustice.
- Women of the Enlightenment, such as Mary Wollstonecraft and Emilie du Châtelet, participated in the intellectual and cultural movement, advocating for women's rights, education, and equality.
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Description
The Enlightenment era was marked by a focus on reason, individualism, and skepticism towards traditional authority, leading to significant advancements in various fields. The Scientific Revolution was a time of big discoveries in science.
