Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one major effect of growth hormone (GH) on children and adolescents?
What is one major effect of growth hormone (GH) on children and adolescents?
What occurs as a result of an overproduction of growth hormone?
What occurs as a result of an overproduction of growth hormone?
How does growth hormone affect energy levels in the body?
How does growth hormone affect energy levels in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a function of growth hormone?
Which of the following is NOT a function of growth hormone?
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What can result from a deficiency of growth hormone?
What can result from a deficiency of growth hormone?
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What is the primary function of T4 produced by the thyroid gland?
What is the primary function of T4 produced by the thyroid gland?
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What causes the thyroid gland to produce T4 when the metabolism is low?
What causes the thyroid gland to produce T4 when the metabolism is low?
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Which condition results from prolonged high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Which condition results from prolonged high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of low calcium levels regulated by PTH?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of low calcium levels regulated by PTH?
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How does high calcium impact the release of hormones related to calcium regulation?
How does high calcium impact the release of hormones related to calcium regulation?
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Study Notes
Thyroid Gland
- Butterfly-shaped gland located in front of the trachea
- Produces hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)
- T4 regulates cellular respiration rate
- Increased T4 leads to increased metabolism
- Low metabolism triggers a chain reaction: hypothalamus releases TRH, pituitary releases TSH, thyroid releases T4
- High T4 levels inhibit the release of TRH
- Iodine is crucial for T3 and T4 production; iodine deficiency can lead to goiter (thyroid enlargement)
- Thyroid hormones work with growth hormones and increase cell sensitivity to epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- Initiates metamorphosis in amphibians.
- Responsible for moulting and seasonal coat colour changes in mammals
Parathyroid Glands
- Four glands embedded within the thyroid
- Responds to chemical changes in the blood
- Regulates calcium (Ca2+) levels in the blood, essential for muscle function, neural transmission, and blood clotting
- Low Ca2+ triggers increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) release, which raises Ca2+ levels by:
- Reabsorption from kidneys and intestines
- Release from bones
- High Ca2+ triggers calcitonin release from the thyroid, decreasing Ca2+ levels
- High PTH:
- Breaks down bone to release Ca2+, leading to fragile bones (osteoporosis)
- High Ca2+ can form kidney stones
- Activates vitamin D formation—vitamin D deficiency leads to improper bone development ("rickets")
- Low PTH leads to dangerously low Ca2+ levels; causing uncontrolled muscle spasms and potentially fatal breathing issues
Anterior Pituitary and Growth Hormone (GH)
- Anterior pituitary produces several hormones including GH
- GH stimulates cell division, protein synthesis, and bone growth in children and adolescents
- Regulates metabolic processes by converting glycogen to glucose and fats to fatty acids, controlling energy levels
- Encourages cells to absorb fatty acids and amino acids
- Limits glucose uptake by cells
- Increased GH increases cell size and number
- GH has steroid-like effects on muscle cells, increasing protein synthesis and decreasing degradation
- Excessive GH leads to gigantism
- Insufficient GH results in dwarfism
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Description
Explore the crucial functions of the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the endocrine system. This quiz covers hormone production, metabolic regulation, and the role of iodine in thyroid health. Test your understanding of these essential glands and their impact on the body.
