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Questions and Answers
Which gland synthesizes the thyroid hormones thyroxine (tetra-iodothyronine or T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?
Which gland synthesizes the thyroid hormones thyroxine (tetra-iodothyronine or T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?
- Parathyroid gland
- Pituitary gland
- Adrenal gland
- Thyroid gland (correct)
What is the shape of the thyroid gland?
What is the shape of the thyroid gland?
- Circular
- Oval
- Butterfly-shaped (correct)
- Rectangular
What is the function of the thyroid hormones?
What is the function of the thyroid hormones?
- Control blood sugar levels
- Control blood pressure
- Regulate body temperature
- Control the basal metabolic rate (correct)
Which gland synthesizes the hormone calcitonin?
Which gland synthesizes the hormone calcitonin?
What is the function of calcitonin?
What is the function of calcitonin?
What is the blood supply of the thyroid gland?
What is the blood supply of the thyroid gland?
Which hormone stimulates calcium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules of the renal cortex?
Which hormone stimulates calcium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules of the renal cortex?
What is the effect of hyperparathyroidism on blood calcium levels?
What is the effect of hyperparathyroidism on blood calcium levels?
Which zone of the adrenal cortex synthesizes mineralocorticoids?
Which zone of the adrenal cortex synthesizes mineralocorticoids?
Which hormone affects carbohydrate metabolism and suppresses immune functions?
Which hormone affects carbohydrate metabolism and suppresses immune functions?
Which layer of the adrenal cortex primarily secretes weak androgens?
Which layer of the adrenal cortex primarily secretes weak androgens?
What disorder causes degeneration of any layer of adrenal cortex and loss of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, or androgens?
What disorder causes degeneration of any layer of adrenal cortex and loss of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, or androgens?
Which cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin?
Which cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin?
Which hormone is secreted about 10 times the rate of T₃ and is much less potent than T₃?
Which hormone is secreted about 10 times the rate of T₃ and is much less potent than T₃?
What is the major regulator of the anatomic and functional state of the thyroid follicle?
What is the major regulator of the anatomic and functional state of the thyroid follicle?
Which cells in the parathyroid gland are small, polygonal cells with round nuclei and a pale acidophilic staining cytoplasm?
Which cells in the parathyroid gland are small, polygonal cells with round nuclei and a pale acidophilic staining cytoplasm?
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on osteoblasts?
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on osteoblasts?
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Which type of cells make up the adrenal medulla?
Which type of cells make up the adrenal medulla?
Which type of neurons give rise to chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
Which type of neurons give rise to chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
What is the primary hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla?
What is the primary hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla?
What are the main effects of epinephrine on the body?
What are the main effects of epinephrine on the body?
What is the blood supply of the adrenal gland called?
What is the blood supply of the adrenal gland called?
Which arteries supply blood to the adrenal gland?
Which arteries supply blood to the adrenal gland?
What is the dual blood supply of the adrenal medulla?
What is the dual blood supply of the adrenal medulla?
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Study Notes
Thyroid Gland and Hormones
- The thyroid gland synthesizes thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
- The thyroid gland is butterfly-shaped, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus.
- Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, energy levels, and overall growth and development.
Calcitonin and Its Function
- Calcitonin is synthesized by parafollicular cells (C cells) in the thyroid gland.
- It lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity, which prevents bone resorption.
Blood Supply of the Thyroid Gland
- Blood supply is primarily provided by the superior and inferior thyroid arteries.
- Rich vascular network ensures adequate delivery of hormones and nutrients.
Calcium Regulation
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates calcium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules of the renal cortex.
- Hyperparathyroidism leads to elevated blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia).
Adrenal Cortex and Hormones
- The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex synthesizes mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone.
- Glucocorticoids, affecting carbohydrate metabolism and suppressing immune functions, are produced by the zona fasciculata.
- The zona reticularis primarily secretes weak androgens, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
Adrenal Insufficiency
- Adrenal crisis is caused by disorders like Addison's disease, leading to degeneration of adrenal cortex layers and loss of key hormones.
Parathyroid Gland
- Chief cells are the small, polygonal cells in the parathyroid glands with round nuclei and pale staining cytoplasm.
- PTH stimulates osteoblasts to promote bone mineralization and regulate calcium levels.
Location and Structure of Parathyroid Glands
- Parathyroid glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, typically four in number.
Adrenal Medulla Structure
- Chromaffin cells, derived from neural crest cells, make up the adrenal medulla.
- The primary hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla is epinephrine (adrenaline).
Effects of Epinephrine
- Major effects include increased heart rate, enhanced blood flow to muscles, and rapid energy mobilization.
Blood Supply to Adrenal Gland
- The blood supply of the adrenal gland is derived from the suprarenal arteries.
- Dual blood supply includes both the adrenal medulla's rich vascularization and the surrounding adrenal cortex's blood supply.
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