38 Questions
Which type of diabetes is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion?
Type 1 diabetes
Which pancreatic cell type secretes a hormone that suppresses both insulin and glucagon release?
δ – Somatostatin
What is the function of the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secreted by islet cells?
Stimulates gastric and intestinal enzymes
Which minor cell type in the pancreas secretes vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), inducing glycogenolysis and hyperglycemia?
D1 – Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
What is the main function of α cells in the pancreas?
Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver, increases blood sugar
What condition is characterized by severe hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar dehydration, and altered mental status?
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
What are the potential consequences of diabetes mellitus?
Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy
Which hormone produced by the pancreas regulates glucose in tissues and reduces blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Which of the following is a common feature of diabetes mellitus?
Hyperglycemia
What is the percentage of cases of diabetes mellitus that is usually associated with type 1 diabetes?
5-10%
What is the recommended fasting plasma glucose level for the diagnosis of diabetes according to the Australian Diabetes Society criteria?
≥ 126 mg/dL
Which of the following is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune disease
What is a common complication associated with diabetic nephropathy?
Hypertension
Which of the following is NOT an ocular change associated with diabetes mellitus?
Retinal detachment
What does an elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level indicate according to the Australian Diabetes Society criteria?
Poor glucose control over time
Which type of glomerular lesion is known as Kimmelstiel Wilson lesion and is associated with diabetic nephropathy?
Nodular glomerulosclerosis
What does diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) primarily result from?
Insufficient insulin levels
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of diabetic retinopathy?
Vitreous hemorrhage
What are the four main types of cells found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, and what hormone does each type secrete?
β cells - Insulin, α cells - Glucagon, δ cells - Somatostatin, PP cells - Pancreatic polypeptide
What are the two minor cell types found outside the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, and what hormones do they secrete?
D1 cells - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), Enterochromaffin cells - Serotonin
What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secreted by the Islets of Langerhans?
Stimulates gastric and intestinal enzymes and inhibits intestinal motility
What are the core conditions related to diabetes in the context of endocrine pathology?
Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, Hypoglycemia, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
What are the consequences of an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, and which type of diabetes is characterized by this condition?
Consequences: Hyperglycemia, Glycosuria, Ketosis, Weight loss. Type: Type 1 Diabetes
What is the primary function of α cells in the pancreas?
Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver, increases blood sugar
Which pancreatic cell type secretes a hormone that suppresses both insulin and glucagon release?
δ cells
What condition is characterized by severe hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar dehydration, and altered mental status?
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
What is the percentage of cases of diabetes mellitus usually associated with type 1 diabetes?
5-10%
What condition is known as Kimmelstiel Wilson lesion and is associated with diabetic nephropathy?
Nodular glomerulosclerosis
What are the Australian Diabetes Society criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes?
Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0mmol/L), 2-hour plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL (≥11.1 mmol/L) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with a loading dose of 75g, Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level ≥ 6.5%, Random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL (≥11.1 mmol/L)
What are the common ocular changes associated with diabetes mellitus?
Accelerated cataract formation, Increased risk of glaucoma, Diabetic retinopathy
What are the three major chronic complications associated with diabetes mellitus?
Macrovascular disease, Diabetic Nephropathy, Diabetic Retinopathy
What is the characteristic glomerular lesion associated with diabetic nephropathy?
Nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel Wilson lesion)
What is the main function of α cells in the pancreas?
They secrete glucagon, which increases blood sugar levels
What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secreted by islet cells?
It helps in inducing glycogenolysis and hyperglycemia
What are the two major types of diabetes mellitus?
Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes
What is the condition characterized by severe hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar dehydration, and altered mental status?
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
What is the common feature observed in all types of diabetes mellitus?
Hyperglycemia
What are the three types of glomerular lesions associated with diabetic nephropathy?
Nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel Wilson lesion), Diffuse mesangial sclerosis, Glomerular capillary basement membrane thickening
Test your knowledge of endocrine pancreatic pathology with this quiz. Learn about the classification, causes, and potential consequences of diabetes mellitus, as well as the principles behind neoplastic lesions of the endocrine pancreas and the dispersed neuroendocrine system.
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