Endocrine Pathology: Endocrine Pancreas Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion?

  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Type 1 diabetes (correct)

    • Which pancreatic cell type secretes a hormone that suppresses both insulin and glucagon release?

  • β – Insulin
  • α - Glucagon
  • δ – Somatostatin (correct)
  • PP – Pancreatic polypeptide

    • What is the function of the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secreted by islet cells?

  • Reduces blood glucose
  • Suppresses insulin release
  • Stimulates gastric and intestinal enzymes (correct)
  • Induces glycogenolysis

    • Which minor cell type in the pancreas secretes vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), inducing glycogenolysis and hyperglycemia?

    <p>D1 – Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of α cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver, increases blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by severe hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar dehydration, and altered mental status?

    <p>Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone produced by the pancreas regulates glucose in tissues and reduces blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common feature of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of cases of diabetes mellitus that is usually associated with type 1 diabetes?

    <p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended fasting plasma glucose level for the diagnosis of diabetes according to the Australian Diabetes Society criteria?

    <p>≥ 126 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an ocular change associated with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level indicate according to the Australian Diabetes Society criteria?

    <p>Poor glucose control over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glomerular lesion is known as Kimmelstiel Wilson lesion and is associated with diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>Nodular glomerulosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) primarily result from?

    <p>Insufficient insulin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of diabetic retinopathy?

    <p>Vitreous hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main types of cells found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, and what hormone does each type secrete?

    <p>β cells - Insulin, α cells - Glucagon, δ cells - Somatostatin, PP cells - Pancreatic polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two minor cell types found outside the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, and what hormones do they secrete?

    <p>D1 cells - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), Enterochromaffin cells - Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secreted by the Islets of Langerhans?

    <p>Stimulates gastric and intestinal enzymes and inhibits intestinal motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the core conditions related to diabetes in the context of endocrine pathology?

    <p>Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, Hypoglycemia, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, and which type of diabetes is characterized by this condition?

    <p>Consequences: Hyperglycemia, Glycosuria, Ketosis, Weight loss. Type: Type 1 Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of α cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver, increases blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pancreatic cell type secretes a hormone that suppresses both insulin and glucagon release?

    <p>δ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by severe hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar dehydration, and altered mental status?

    <p>Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of cases of diabetes mellitus usually associated with type 1 diabetes?

    <p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is known as Kimmelstiel Wilson lesion and is associated with diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>Nodular glomerulosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Australian Diabetes Society criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes?

    <p>Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0mmol/L), 2-hour plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL (≥11.1 mmol/L) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with a loading dose of 75g, Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level ≥ 6.5%, Random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL (≥11.1 mmol/L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common ocular changes associated with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Accelerated cataract formation, Increased risk of glaucoma, Diabetic retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major chronic complications associated with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Macrovascular disease, Diabetic Nephropathy, Diabetic Retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic glomerular lesion associated with diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>Nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel Wilson lesion)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of α cells in the pancreas?

    <p>They secrete glucagon, which increases blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secreted by islet cells?

    <p>It helps in inducing glycogenolysis and hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major types of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by severe hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar dehydration, and altered mental status?

    <p>Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature observed in all types of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of glomerular lesions associated with diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>Nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel Wilson lesion), Diffuse mesangial sclerosis, Glomerular capillary basement membrane thickening</p> Signup and view all the answers

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