27 Questions
Which pancreatic cell type is responsible for producing insulin?
Beta cell
What is the function of the alpha cell in the pancreas?
Secrete glucagon
Which hormone is secreted by the delta cells in the pancreas?
Somatostatin
What is the main cause of diabetes mellitus?
Deficient action of insulin
What is the primary effect of glucagon secreted by the alpha cells?
Raise glucose levels
Which gastrointestinal effects are exerted by pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secreted by PP cells?
Stimulation of gastric and intestinal enzymes secretion
What is the normal range for fasting plasma glucose levels?
70 to 120 mg/dL
Which of the following is NOT one of the diagnostic criteria for diabetes?
A 2-hour plasma glucose greater than or equal to 150 mg/dL
What is the definition of prediabetes?
Fasting plasma glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL
What is the principal function of insulin?
To reduce the production of glucose from the liver
What is the most important stimulus that triggers insulin release from pancreatic beta cells?
Glucose itself
How is prediabetes defined in terms of HbA1C levels?
Between 5.7% and 6.4%
What is impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes) defined as?
Fasting plasma glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL
What hormones are secreted after food intake, notably produced by intestines cells?
Incretins
What is the main function of the alpha cell in the endocrine pancreas?
Secreting glucagon
Which of the following is a major cell type in the islets of Langerhans responsible for suppressing both insulin and glucagon release?
Delta cell
What is the most significant disease of the endocrine pancreas, caused by deficient production or action of insulin?
Diabetes mellitus
Which of the following is secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas and exerts several gastrointestinal effects such as stimulation of secretion of gastric and intestinal enzymes?
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
What is the primary cause of diabetes mellitus according to the text?
Defects in insulin secretion
Which endocrine pancreatic cell type is responsible for producing insulin?
Beta cell
What is the normal range for fasting plasma glucose levels?
70-120 mg/dL
Which of the following is NOT one of the diagnostic criteria for diabetes?
A glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level less than 4.5%
How is prediabetes defined in terms of HbA1C levels?
HbA1C level between 5.7% and 6.4%
What is the function of the alpha cell in the pancreas?
Produce glucagon
What hormones are secreted after food intake, notably produced by intestines cells?
Incretins and glucagon
What is the principal function of insulin?
To increase the rate of glucose transport into certain cells in the body
What is impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes) defined as?
Fasting plasma glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL
Study Notes
Pancreatic Cells and Hormones
- Beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin.
- Alpha cells in the pancreas produce glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels.
- Delta cells in the pancreas produce somatostatin, which inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon.
- PP cells in the pancreas produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP), which stimulates the secretion of gastric and intestinal enzymes.
Diabetes Mellitus
- The primary cause of diabetes mellitus is a deficient production or action of insulin.
- The normal range for fasting plasma glucose levels is less than 100 mg/dL.
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes
- Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 126 mg/dL.
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-hour plasma glucose level ≥ 200 mg/dL.
- HbA1C level ≥ 6.5%.
- Random plasma glucose level ≥ 200 mg/dL in a patient with symptoms of hyperglycemia.
Prediabetes
- Defined as an HbA1C level of 5.7-6.4%.
- Impaired glucose tolerance is defined as a 2-hour OGTT plasma glucose level of 140-199 mg/dL.
Insulin Function
- The principal function of insulin is to lower blood glucose levels.
- The most important stimulus that triggers insulin release from pancreatic beta cells is high blood glucose levels.
Intestinal Hormones
- Incretin hormones, such as gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are secreted after food intake, notably produced by intestines cells.
Test your knowledge of the pathology of the endocrine pancreas, including diabetes mellitus, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and the function of the islets of Langerhans. This quiz covers topics such as diagnosis, classification, insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction, monogenic forms of diabetes, and complications of diabetes.
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