EMT Final Exam Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

What is a common sign of an aortic aneurysm?

Chest tightness

Sudden severe headache

Pulsating sensation in the abdomen (correct)

Persistent cough

Which type of stroke is characterized by bleeding in the brain?

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Ischemic stroke

Cerebral embolism

Hemorrhagic stroke (correct)

What is a common treatment for status epilepticus?

Emergency surgery

Benzodiazepines (correct)

Loss of consciousness

Antidepressants

What is a primary symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Excessive thirst and urination Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT a way people lose heat?

Ingestion Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of grieving involves feeling a sense of loss and confusion?

Depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medical director in EMS?

Direct pre-hospital care and protocols Signup and view all the answers

When administering oxygen, which device delivers the highest concentration?

Non-Rebreather Mask Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'DNR' stand for and when should it be honored?

Do Not Resuscitate; when patients refuse treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of performing bag-valve-mask ventilations?

To provide artificial ventilation to an apneic patient Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of the perfusion triangle?

Blood volume Signup and view all the answers

In cases of respiratory failure, which is an indicative sign of deterioration?

Cyanosis Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the metabolic process that requires oxygen?

Aerobic metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of time during critical care known as the 'golden hour'?

The first hour after an injury that is crucial for survival Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for a patient experiencing epistaxis?

Pinch the nostrils together and lean forward Signup and view all the answers

What are the six P's used to assess an extremity?

Pain, pallor, paralysis, pulselessness, parasthesia, pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of burn is characterized by destruction of the epidermis and dermis, resulting in damage to deeper tissues?

Full thickness burn Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for clamping and cutting an umbilical cord after delivery?

Clamp 3 inches from the baby and cut with sterile scissors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of compensated shock?

Rapid heart rate and cool extremities Signup and view all the answers

In the context of triage during a mass casualty incident (MCI), what does a 'green' tag indicate?

Patient has minor injuries and can wait for treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of performing spinal motion restriction?

To prevent further injury during movement Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

EMT Final Exam Study Guide

Preparatory Chapters:
- Roles and responsibilities of an EMT
- Types of medical direction
- Role of the medical director
- Evidence-based medicine
- CPR: ratios, depths for newborns, infants, children, and adults
- AED use
- Hepatitis, tuberculosis
- Stages of grieving (anger, denial, bargaining, depression, acceptance)
- How to dispose of PPE (personal protective equipment)
- Components of negligence
- DNR (do not resuscitate), when to honor it
- Types of consent (implied, expressed, informed, minor)
- Slander vs. libel
- How to give a verbal report to hospital
- Role of the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
- Military time
- Proper lifting mechanics
- Transport positions (e.g., Fowler, semi-Fowler, supine, prone)
- Aerobic vs. anaerobic metabolism
- Perfusion triangle (pump, blood, vessels)
- Carbonic drive vs. hypoxic drive
- Tidal volume
- Calculating minute ventilation (breathing rate x tidal volume)
- Causes of syncope (fainting)
- Bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilation techniques
- Opening airways (head-tilt-chin lift, modified jaw thrust)
- Oropharyngeal airway insertion
- Oxygen administration: percentages and flow rates for different devices (NC, NRBM, BVM, SFM)
- Ventilating through a tracheostomy tube
- Using CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)
- Oxygen administration for COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) patients
- Ventilating children
- Assessing pulses
- SAMPLED-OPQRST (method for assessing patients)
- Normal blood pressures for adults and children

Medical

Actions of albuterol, nitroglycerin, activated charcoal, glucose, naloxone, aspirin
ECG rhythms in cardiac arrest
Standard of care
Epiglottitis
Open chest injury treatment
Cardiac arrest rhythms (ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, asystole)
Pathophysiology of shock types (distributive, obstructive, hypovolemic, cardiogenic, anaphylaxis, hemorrhagic, sepsis)
Common causes of cardiac arrest in children and infants
Left vs. right sided heart failure
Aortic aneurysm signs and symptoms
Myocardial infarction (heart attack) signs and symptoms
Stroke signs and symptoms (ischemic, hemorrhagic)
Stroke treatment
Contraindications for fibrinolytic medications
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Seizure types (petit mal, clonic-tonic)
Status epilepticus
Stages of seizures
Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia signs/symptoms
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Long-term complications of diabetes
Anaphylaxis pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, and treatment
Poison routes of entry
Narcotic overdose treatment
Treatment for other overdoses
Causes of acute abdominal pain
Abdominal pain conditions (appendicitis, cholecystitis, endometriosis, UTI, ectopic pregnancy)
Kidney stones
Upper and lower GI bleed causes/signs

Trauma

Types of vehicle collisions and injuries (frontal, rear-end, rotational, rollover, lateral)
Cavitation and gunshot wounds (GSW)
High vs. low velocity GSW
Trauma center capabilities
Types of bleeding (arterial, venous, capillary)
Shock stages (compensated, decompensated, irreversible)
Epistaxis (nosebleed) treatment
Evisceration treatment
Amputation treatment
Open neck injury treatment
Burn categories (superficial, partial, full thickness)
Rule of 9's for adults and babies
Treatment of burns
Ligaments, tendons, fascia, joints
Sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations
Splinting rules (long bones and joints)
Impaled object removal
Spinal motion restriction

Special Populations

Length of full-term pregnancy
Gravida and parity
Stages of labor
Umbilical cord clamping/cutting
Uterine massage
Newborn assessment (APGAR score)
Abnormal birth presentations (prolapsed cord, limb, breech)
Abruptio placenta vs. placenta previa
Eclampsia and pre-eclampsia signs/symptoms
Ectopic pregnancy signs/symptoms
Febrile seizure causes
Common childhood respiratory conditions (croup, asthma, epiglottitis, RSV, pneumonia)
Child injury prevention programs
Elderly respiratory conditions (pneumonia, pulmonary embolism)
Elderly shock compensation
Hospice care

Operations

Ambulance operations
Intersection safety
School bus safety (operating ambulances)
Hazmat zones (cold, warm, hot)
Staging area
MCI patient triage (RPM system)
Cystic fibrosis
CHF and pulmonary edema assessment findings

Environmental Emergencies/Medical

Heat loss mechanisms (conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation)
Hypothermia, frostbite, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke
Cardiac arrest in hypothermia
Snake bites (treatment)
Venomous spiders (Brown recluse, Black widow)
Lightning strike treatment
Rhabdomyolysis
Drowning treatment
Diving emergencies (arterial gas embolism, decompression sickness)
Behavioral emergencies treatment

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Description

Prepare for your EMT Final Exam with this comprehensive study guide. Cover crucial topics including roles and responsibilities, CPR protocols, medical direction, and consent types. Test your knowledge on essential EMT concepts to ensure you're ready for the exam.