EMT Final Exam Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

What is a common sign of an aortic aneurysm?

  • Chest tightness
  • Sudden severe headache
  • Pulsating sensation in the abdomen (correct)
  • Persistent cough

Which type of stroke is characterized by bleeding in the brain?

  • Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
  • Ischemic stroke
  • Cerebral embolism
  • Hemorrhagic stroke (correct)

What is a common treatment for status epilepticus?

  • Emergency surgery
  • Benzodiazepines (correct)
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Antidepressants

What is a primary symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Excessive thirst and urination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT a way people lose heat?

<p>Ingestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of grieving involves feeling a sense of loss and confusion?

<p>Depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medical director in EMS?

<p>Direct pre-hospital care and protocols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When administering oxygen, which device delivers the highest concentration?

<p>Non-Rebreather Mask (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'DNR' stand for and when should it be honored?

<p>Do Not Resuscitate; when patients refuse treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of performing bag-valve-mask ventilations?

<p>To provide artificial ventilation to an apneic patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of the perfusion triangle?

<p>Blood volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of respiratory failure, which is an indicative sign of deterioration?

<p>Cyanosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the metabolic process that requires oxygen?

<p>Aerobic metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of time during critical care known as the 'golden hour'?

<p>The first hour after an injury that is crucial for survival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for a patient experiencing epistaxis?

<p>Pinch the nostrils together and lean forward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the six P's used to assess an extremity?

<p>Pain, pallor, paralysis, pulselessness, parasthesia, pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of burn is characterized by destruction of the epidermis and dermis, resulting in damage to deeper tissues?

<p>Full thickness burn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for clamping and cutting an umbilical cord after delivery?

<p>Clamp 3 inches from the baby and cut with sterile scissors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of compensated shock?

<p>Rapid heart rate and cool extremities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of triage during a mass casualty incident (MCI), what does a 'green' tag indicate?

<p>Patient has minor injuries and can wait for treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of performing spinal motion restriction?

<p>To prevent further injury during movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Right-sided heart failure

Condition where the right side of the heart struggles to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the body's tissues.

Stroke types

Strokes are categorized as ischemic (blood clot) or hemorrhagic (bleeding in brain).

Causes of abdominal pain

Acute abdominal pain can stem from various conditions including appendicitis, cholecystitis, or kidney stones.

Hypothermia causes

Loss of body heat due to environmental exposure, leading to abnormally low body temperature.

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Vehicle collisions

Different types of car accidents (e.g., frontal, rear-end, rollover) predict varying patterns of injuries.

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EMT Roles and Responsibilities

A set of duties and obligations that an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) is legally and ethically responsible to execute in emergency situations.

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CPR Ratios (Adult)

30 chest compressions to 2 ventilations for adult CPR.

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Negligence Components

The four key elements of negligence in the realm of medical care; duty, breach of duty, causation and damages.

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Types of Consent (EMT)

Different ways patients can legally agree to medical treatment, including implied, expressed, and informed consent, concerning minors.

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Calculating Minute Ventilation

The calculation of minute ventilation (breathing rate x tidal volume) , an important metric in patient assessment.

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Causes of Syncope

Reasons why a person might faint, such as issues with blood flow, or cardiac causes.

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SAMPLED-OPQRST

A mnemonic summarizing a systematic method for gathering patient history (Symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past Medical History, Last Oral Intake, Events, OPQRST) in an evaluation of physical complaints.

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Standard of Care

Defines the expected level of expertise and caution exhibited by healthcare professionals in similar circumstances, influencing legal and ethical expectations for medical treatment

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Low Velocity GSW

Gunshot wound with low speed projectile, often causing less extensive damage than high-velocity wounds.

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Golden Hour

The critical first hour after injury, during which rapid interventions significantly impact the outcome of trauma.

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Compartment Syndrome

Increased pressure within a confined muscle compartment, potentially damaging tissues.

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Stages of Shock

Progression of shock into different stages: Compensated, Decompensated, and Irreversible.

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Signs of Shock

Changes in vital signs like decreasing blood pressure, increased heart rate and altered mental status, indicating inadequate blood flow to organs.

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MCI Triage

Categorizing patients by severity of injury during a mass casualty incident to prioritize treatment.

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Assessment of a Newborn

Evaluating the newborn for signs of health including appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration (APGAR score).

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Gravida

Total number of pregnancies a woman has had.

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Study Notes

EMT Final Exam Study Guide

  • Preparatory Chapters:
    • Roles and responsibilities of an EMT
    • Types of medical direction
    • Role of the medical director
    • Evidence-based medicine
    • CPR: ratios, depths for newborns, infants, children, and adults
    • AED use
    • Hepatitis, tuberculosis
    • Stages of grieving (anger, denial, bargaining, depression, acceptance)
    • How to dispose of PPE (personal protective equipment)
    • Components of negligence
    • DNR (do not resuscitate), when to honor it
    • Types of consent (implied, expressed, informed, minor)
    • Slander vs. libel
    • How to give a verbal report to hospital
    • Role of the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
    • Military time
    • Proper lifting mechanics
    • Transport positions (e.g., Fowler, semi-Fowler, supine, prone)
    • Aerobic vs. anaerobic metabolism
    • Perfusion triangle (pump, blood, vessels)
    • Carbonic drive vs. hypoxic drive
    • Tidal volume
    • Calculating minute ventilation (breathing rate x tidal volume)
    • Causes of syncope (fainting)
    • Bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilation techniques
    • Opening airways (head-tilt-chin lift, modified jaw thrust)
    • Oropharyngeal airway insertion
    • Oxygen administration: percentages and flow rates for different devices (NC, NRBM, BVM, SFM)
    • Ventilating through a tracheostomy tube
    • Using CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)
    • Oxygen administration for COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) patients
    • Ventilating children
    • Assessing pulses
    • SAMPLED-OPQRST (method for assessing patients)
    • Normal blood pressures for adults and children

Medical

  • Actions of albuterol, nitroglycerin, activated charcoal, glucose, naloxone, aspirin
  • ECG rhythms in cardiac arrest
  • Standard of care
  • Epiglottitis
  • Open chest injury treatment
  • Cardiac arrest rhythms (ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, asystole)
  • Pathophysiology of shock types (distributive, obstructive, hypovolemic, cardiogenic, anaphylaxis, hemorrhagic, sepsis)
  • Common causes of cardiac arrest in children and infants
  • Left vs. right sided heart failure
  • Aortic aneurysm signs and symptoms
  • Myocardial infarction (heart attack) signs and symptoms
  • Stroke signs and symptoms (ischemic, hemorrhagic)
  • Stroke treatment
  • Contraindications for fibrinolytic medications
  • Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
  • Seizure types (petit mal, clonic-tonic)
  • Status epilepticus
  • Stages of seizures
  • Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia signs/symptoms
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Long-term complications of diabetes
  • Anaphylaxis pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, and treatment
  • Poison routes of entry
  • Narcotic overdose treatment
  • Treatment for other overdoses
  • Causes of acute abdominal pain
  • Abdominal pain conditions (appendicitis, cholecystitis, endometriosis, UTI, ectopic pregnancy)
  • Kidney stones
  • Upper and lower GI bleed causes/signs

Trauma

  • Types of vehicle collisions and injuries (frontal, rear-end, rotational, rollover, lateral)
  • Cavitation and gunshot wounds (GSW)
  • High vs. low velocity GSW
  • Trauma center capabilities
  • Types of bleeding (arterial, venous, capillary)
  • Shock stages (compensated, decompensated, irreversible)
  • Epistaxis (nosebleed) treatment
  • Evisceration treatment
  • Amputation treatment
  • Open neck injury treatment
  • Burn categories (superficial, partial, full thickness)
  • Rule of 9's for adults and babies
  • Treatment of burns
  • Ligaments, tendons, fascia, joints
  • Sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations
  • Splinting rules (long bones and joints)
  • Impaled object removal
  • Spinal motion restriction

Special Populations

  • Length of full-term pregnancy
  • Gravida and parity
  • Stages of labor
  • Umbilical cord clamping/cutting
  • Uterine massage
  • Newborn assessment (APGAR score)
  • Abnormal birth presentations (prolapsed cord, limb, breech)
  • Abruptio placenta vs. placenta previa
  • Eclampsia and pre-eclampsia signs/symptoms
  • Ectopic pregnancy signs/symptoms
  • Febrile seizure causes
  • Common childhood respiratory conditions (croup, asthma, epiglottitis, RSV, pneumonia)
  • Child injury prevention programs
  • Elderly respiratory conditions (pneumonia, pulmonary embolism)
  • Elderly shock compensation
  • Hospice care

Operations

  • Ambulance operations
  • Intersection safety
  • School bus safety (operating ambulances)
  • Hazmat zones (cold, warm, hot)
  • Staging area
  • MCI patient triage (RPM system)
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • CHF and pulmonary edema assessment findings

Environmental Emergencies/Medical

  • Heat loss mechanisms (conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation)
  • Hypothermia, frostbite, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke
  • Cardiac arrest in hypothermia
  • Snake bites (treatment)
  • Venomous spiders (Brown recluse, Black widow)
  • Lightning strike treatment
  • Rhabdomyolysis
  • Drowning treatment
  • Diving emergencies (arterial gas embolism, decompression sickness)
  • Behavioral emergencies treatment

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