Emotional Behaviours and Basic Emotions
65 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What effect does damage to the amygdala have on human emotional responses?

  • Generalized fear response to all stimuli
  • Increased sensitivity to unpleasant pictures
  • Ability to classify photos as pleasant or unpleasant (correct)
  • Enhanced understanding of facial expressions

    • Which brain area is primarily involved in the generalized emotional arousal long-term?

  • Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (correct)
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Cerebellum

    • What is one behavioral characteristic observed in monkeys with Klüver-Bucy syndrome?

  • Tameness and placidity despite potential dangers (correct)
  • Increased aggression towards threats
  • Ability to learn new social cues rapidly
  • Reduced food intake due to fear

    • In humans, when does the amygdala respond most strongly?

    <p>When interpreting ambiguous facial expressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic condition leads to the deterioration of the amygdala while sparing surrounding structures?

    <p>Urbach-Wiethe disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain areas are activated when contemplating moral dilemmas involving life and death decisions?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional response is heightened when imagining direct harm to an individual?

    <p>Guilt and empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is specifically associated with comparing utilitarian and emotional aspects during moral decision-making?

    <p>Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are individuals with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex likely to make decisions?

    <p>They are more prone to utilitarian decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following environmental factors can increase the likelihood of violent behavior?

    <p>Witnessing parental violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the amygdala is associated with feelings that may lead to attack behaviors?

    <p>Corticomedial area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be considered a genetic factor influencing violent behavior?

    <p>Genetic variants linked to aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which choice reflects the emotional aspect of making a moral decision in a life-and-death scenario?

    <p>Reflecting on personal feelings about harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the limbic system play in emotion?

    <p>It coordinates emotional responses and is critical for emotion processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the facial-feedback hypothesis suggest?

    <p>Smiling may enhance feelings of happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is primarily linked to the emotion of disgust?

    <p>Insula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hemisphere of the brain is more active in perceiving negative emotions?

    <p>Right hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do people with pure autonomic failure generally respond to emotions?

    <p>They report emotions but lack physiological arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the behavioral activation system (BAS) from the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)?

    <p>BAS indicates a tendency to approach, while BIS inhibits impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following emotions is NOT primarily associated with the left hemisphere?

    <p>Fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge when recognizing emotions from facial expressions?

    <p>Recognition is often reliant on body posture in addition to facial expressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In moral dilemmas like the trolley problem, what underlying factor influences decision-making?

    <p>Emotional responses significantly affect moral decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three gradients observed in emotional responses according to the brain's activity?

    <p>Pleasure vs displeasure, intensity, and complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotional response is commonly attributed to the left hemisphere?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional experience do individuals with damage to the right somatosensory cortex typically report?

    <p>Normal autonomic responses but lack of subjective experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a deficiency in monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) on aggression?

    <p>It increases the risk of antisocial behavior, especially in males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormonal level is generally associated with increased aggression?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does social isolation have on serotonin turnover and aggression in nonhuman animals?

    <p>It increases aggression and decreases serotonin turnover.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cortisol play during periods of stress and anxiety?

    <p>It promotes cautious behavior to conserve energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex correlates well with anxiety and can be used to measure it?

    <p>Startle reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the amygdala in the context of fear response?

    <p>Coordinating emotional responses to fear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the dual-hormone hypothesis explain the relationship between hormones and aggressive behavior?

    <p>Testosterone facilitates and cortisol inhibits aggressive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the amygdala in rodents infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>It is damaged, causing the rodent to become fearless.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main metabolite used to measure serotonin turnover?

    <p>5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of the brain receives sensory input related to the startle reflex?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the relationship between serotonin turnover and aggression in humans is true?

    <p>Lower serotonin turnover correlates with increased chances of violent crimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After conditioning a stimulus with a shock, what happens when the stimulus is presented?

    <p>It becomes a fear signal and enhances the startle response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in humans following the enhanced startle response after a fear conditioning process?

    <p>Connections in the brain strengthen, enhancing fear memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is activated by both brief and prolonged stress, leading to different responses?

    <p>HPA axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of stress does the body adapt by decreasing less-urgent activities?

    <p>Resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cytokines play in the immune response to infection?

    <p>They trigger fever and lethargy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does prolonged stress have on the hippocampus?

    <p>It increases vulnerability to damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for attacking tumor cells?

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of stress on memory and learning according to stress research?

    <p>Brief stress improves memory formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the enteric nervous system relate to stress responses?

    <p>It regulates digestion and reacts to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of stress recovery is correlated with resilience?

    <p>Strong social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?

    <p>They secrete antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to appetite during an infection due to cytokine release?

    <p>It decreases as an adaptive response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the immune system during a brief stress experience?

    <p>It produces more natural killer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of natural killer cells in the immune response?

    <p>To attack any foreign intruders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the amygdala play in processing emotional information?

    <p>It directs attention toward emotionally significant stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes reappraisal as a coping mechanism for anxiety?

    <p>Reinterpreting a situation as less threatening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does panic disorder commonly manifest during an attack?

    <p>Extreme arousal of the sympathetic nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by frequent distressing flashbacks and reactions to stimuli?

    <p>Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter activity is commonly decreased in panic disorder?

    <p>GABA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the amygdala and PTSD?

    <p>Damage to the amygdala prevents PTSD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABAA receptors?

    <p>They enhance sensitivity to GABA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response is activated during acute stress according to the document?

    <p>Increased heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is commonly associated with individuals who develop a panic disorder?

    <p>Joint laxity (double-jointedness).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does alcohol affect anxiety according to the content?

    <p>It reduces anxiety through effects on GABA receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of benzodiazepine accumulation in the environment?

    <p>Altered eating and social behavior of fish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to panic disorder?

    <p>To facilitate the fight-or-flight response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of panic disorder?

    <p>Persistent sadness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of severe stress on the hippocampus?

    <p>It can lead to shrinkage of the hippocampus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emotional Behaviours

    • Emotions involve both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
    • Physiological arousal is not always necessary for emotion.
    • Individuals experiencing pure autonomic failure may still report emotions, primarily focusing on cognitive aspects.
    • Damage to the right somatosensory cortex can affect subjective emotional experience, while leaving autonomic responses intact.
    • Damage to the prefrontal cortex impacts autonomic responses to emotion, but subjective experience remains largely normal.
    • Emotions are "embodied," relying on bodily responses like facial expressions.
    • The facial-feedback hypothesis suggests expressions influence feelings (smiling makes one feel happier).

    Basic Emotions or Continuous Dimensions

    • Heart rate and breathing increase with emotional intensity; however, these do not distinguish between different emotions.
    • The limbic system (and amygdala) is important for emotion.
    • Disgust is primarily linked to the insula, a brain area also involved in taste.
    • Emotional responses during emotionally charged events involve a specific pathway through the brain (temporal and parietal cortices).
    • Three gradients of emotion exist, including intensity, complexity, and pleasure/displeasure.
    • Hemispheric differences exist; for example, the left hemisphere is linked to behavioural activation (especially frontal and temporal lobes), which links to positive emotions like happiness and excitement. The right hemisphere is associated with behavioural inhibition (frontal and temporal lobes) and is more involved in negative emotions.

    Emotions and Moral Decisions

    • Trolley dilemma examples, comparing utilitarian and emotional aspects.
    • Footbridge dilemma explores the decision-making process under the pressure of saving lives.
    • Lifeboat dilemma uses a boat in icy water with limited space, and how those choosing to save lives impact their choices.
    • Hospital dilemma shows a scenario of saving lives by taking different actions.

    Attack and Escape Behaviors

    • Attack behaviours involve activity in the corticomedial area of the amygdala, linked to increased probability of aggression.
    • Environmental factors elevate violent behaviours (abusive childhoods, witnessing violence, exposure to certain chemicals/drugs ).
    • Genetic factors (MAO-A gene deficiency) contribute to increased violence tendencies.

    Testosterone and Serotonin

    • Higher testosterone levels are associated with increased aggression.
    • In males, sudden increases in testosterone contribute to aggression more than baseline levels.
    • Lower serotonin levels and aggressive behaviour in animals is correlated.
    • Social isolation in animals lowers serotonin turnover, which increases aggressive behaviours.
    • Lower serotonin turnover is found to correlate with violent crime in studies on humans.

    Dual Hormonal Hypothesis

    • Aggressive behaviours are linked to testosterone stimulation and inhibited by cortisol.
    • Stress/anxiety periods and the adrenal-cortisol axis is important in controlling and conserving energy.

    Fear and Anxiety

    • Loud noises in infants result in a startle reflex (involves auditory information, pons and neck muscles).
    • Startle reflex correlations to anxiety measures are used to model anxiety.
    • The amygdala is involved in the learning and expression of fear, alongside the hippocampus.

    Stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome

    • The sympathetic nervous system controls physiological changes in short-term stress.
    • The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis controls long-term stress responses, involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex.
    • Stress responses include hormonal changes, such as increased cortisol which increases blood glucose, providing the body with energy for various tasks for a longer time than other bodily functions.
    • Three main stages occur in the stress response (alarm, resistance, exhaustion).
    • Stress positively impacts short-term memory functions.
    • Prolonged stress impairs immune responses.
    • The immune system plays an important role in coping with stress.
    • Leukocytes and B cells are vital components of the immune system.

    The Role of the Enteric Nervous System

    • The enteric nervous system is a critical part of digestion.
    • This system reacts to stress because of input from the brain and stress hormones.
    • Digesting a meal can correlate strongly with stress resilience.
    • Strong social support, an optimistic viewpoint, and reappraisal are associated with a higher possibility of resilience.

    Anxiety Disorders

    • Panic disorder is linked to aspects of the hypothalamus, and amygdala.
    • The neurotransmitter, GABA has a role in anxiety disorders.
    • Increased GABA activity results in reduced feelings of anxiety.
    • Disorders such as PTSD are associated with traumatic experiences.
    • Pharmacological treatments like benzodiazepines (anxiolytics) may also be helpful in dealing with anxiety responses.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Psychology Textbook PDF

    Description

    Explore the complexities of emotional behaviours and their physiological connections. This quiz delves into the interaction between various brain regions and how emotions are experienced and expressed. Test your understanding of the theories and dimensions of emotions.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser