Questions and Answers
What is the primary source of systemic emboli?
What clinical outcome occurs when an embolus lodges in the pulmonary circulation?
What is a saddle embolus?
What is a paradoxical embolism?
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What is the expected outcome of cerebral embolism originating from left atrial thrombosis?
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What type of growth is characteristic of malignant neoplasms?
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Which type of gene is involved in inducing apoptosis when DNA is damaged beyond repair?
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Which of the following statements about microRNAs (miRNA) is accurate?
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What condition results from the heart being unable to pump blood effectively to meet tissue needs?
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Which of the following features does NOT characterize benign neoplasms?
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Study Notes
Systemic Emboli and Their Effects
- Systemic emboli primarily arise from cardiac, aortic, or atherosclerotic sources.
- Tissue infarction from emboli depends on the embolization site and available collateral circulation.
Sudden Arterial Occlusion
- Occurs due to embolus blockage, leading to sudden tissue ischemia and potentially infarction.
Embolism in Circulations
- Clinical outcomes differ based on whether emboli lodge in pulmonary or systemic circulations.
- Saddle emboli can block the main pulmonary artery, bifurcate across arteries, or enter smaller arterioles.
- Multiple emboli can occur, increasing the risk of recurrent events.
- Paradoxical embolism may occur through heart defects, allowing emboli to enter systemic circulation.
Origin and Effects of Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
- Common origins for PE include deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the leg or portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in the liver.
- Sudden occlusion of a pulmonary artery can result in ischemia of lung tissue, with smaller emboli often remaining clinically silent.
Cerebral Embolism
- Primarily arises from left atrial thrombosis, leading to cerebral artery occlusion, ischemia, and potential tissue infarction.
Neoplasms Overview
- Benign neoplasms grow slowly, are capsulated, localized, and do not metastasize.
- Malignant neoplasms grow rapidly, invade nearby tissues, and can metastasize.
Molecular Origins of Cancer
- Cancer develops from non-lethal DNA damage affecting key regulatory genes:
- Proto-oncogenes: Promote cell growth and differentiation; damage activates oncogenes.
- Tumor suppressor genes: Regulate the cell cycle and apoptosis; damage affects their function.
- MicroRNAs (miRNA): Non-protein-coding RNA regulating the cell cycle.
Heart Failure (CHF)
- Defined as the heart's inability to meet peripheral tissue metabolic demands, leading to low cardiac output and venous congestion.
Left Ventricular Failure Causes
- Volume overload: Leading to regurgitation in mitral/aortic valve diseases.
- Pressure overload: Due to systemic hypertension or outflow obstruction.
- Loss of muscle: Can be caused by myocardial infarction, chronic ischemia, or toxic substances.
- Restricted filling: Related to pericardial disease or restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Right-Sided Heart Failure Causes
- Often a consequence of left ventricular failure but can occur due to:
- Lung diseases or pulmonary vasculature issues.
- Tricuspid valve or congenital heart diseases.
Left-Sided Heart Failure Effects
- Causes pulmonary edema and compromises left atrial function, increasing thrombus and stroke risk.
- Increases pressure in pulmonary veins, causing lung congestion and edema.
Right-Sided Heart Failure Symptoms
- Symptoms include lower extremity edema, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, gastrointestinal discomfort, and ascites.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
- Associated with conditions like pneumonia, severe trauma, and sepsis, ARDS results in rapid respiratory failure.
- Symptoms include dyspnea, respiratory insufficiency, and pulmonary edema.
Pulmonary Disease Classification
-
Obstructive Diseases: Characterized by airflow limitation; includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and tuberculosis.
- Obstructive diseases often show reduced expiratory flow rates.
-
Restrictive Diseases: Classified into conditions affecting lung expansion or interstitial diseases; includes ARDS and chronic interstitial fibrosis.
Congenital Pancreatic Diseases
- Congenital anomalies include pancreatic agenesis, hypoplasia, ectopic pancreas, annular pancreas, and pancreas divisum, potentially leading to various complications like pancreatitis and obstruction.
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Description
Explore the complex world of systemic emboli and their effects on tissue health. This quiz covers various types of embolism, their origins, and the significant clinical outcomes associated with them. Test your knowledge on topics like pulmonary embolism and sudden arterial occlusion.
