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Questions and Answers
What defines an opportunistic infection?
What defines an opportunistic infection?
What are endotoxins primarily associated with?
What are endotoxins primarily associated with?
What does the term 'nosocomial' refer to?
What does the term 'nosocomial' refer to?
What best describes the term 'remission' in a medical context?
What best describes the term 'remission' in a medical context?
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Which of the following bacteria shapes does 'bacilli' refer to?
Which of the following bacteria shapes does 'bacilli' refer to?
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What does the prefix 'dys-' indicate in medical terminology?
What does the prefix 'dys-' indicate in medical terminology?
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Which of the following terms refers to a tumor-causing gene?
Which of the following terms refers to a tumor-causing gene?
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What does the suffix '-cide' refer to in medical terminology?
What does the suffix '-cide' refer to in medical terminology?
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Which of the following shapes describes a bacterium that forms a twisted chain?
Which of the following shapes describes a bacterium that forms a twisted chain?
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What is an idiopathic disorder?
What is an idiopathic disorder?
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Which term refers to the slow breathing condition?
Which term refers to the slow breathing condition?
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Which type of bacteria is characterized as spherical in shape?
Which type of bacteria is characterized as spherical in shape?
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Which of the following statements best defines exotoxins?
Which of the following statements best defines exotoxins?
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What does the term 'Bacterial infection' refer to?
What does the term 'Bacterial infection' refer to?
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Which condition is characterized by the presence of toxins in the circulating blood?
Which condition is characterized by the presence of toxins in the circulating blood?
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What is 'Necrosis' defined as?
What is 'Necrosis' defined as?
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Which term describes the movement of a thrombus which causes an embolism?
Which term describes the movement of a thrombus which causes an embolism?
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What is the result of Ischemia?
What is the result of Ischemia?
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Which term refers to the accumulation of excess fluid in tissue spaces?
Which term refers to the accumulation of excess fluid in tissue spaces?
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What is a common outcome of Diabetes melletus?
What is a common outcome of Diabetes melletus?
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Which instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
Which instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
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Study Notes
Disease, Diagnosis, and Drug
- Clinical is derived from (clin) meaning bedside.
- Etiology: the study of the cause of a disease and its predisposing factors (tumor, allergy, infection).
- Pathogenesis: the study of disease development, from its start to the point of establishment.
- Pathology: the study of diseases, examining causes using microscopic and naked-eye techniques.
- Symptoms: patient-felt sensations due to disease-related disturbances.
- Signs: observable disease features.
- Diagnosis: determining the cause and nature of an illness.
- Investigations: methods for diagnosis, including lab tests (biochemical, bacteriological, histological, haematological, radiological).
- Clinical Examinations: evaluating patients using physician skills, tools (stethoscope, blood pressure monitor).
- Anatomy: study of body systems, structure, and relations.
- Prognosis: predicting the progress and outcome of a disease.
- Complications: undesirable occurrences during disease progression (e.g., bleeding from a stomach ulcer).
- Prophylaxis: disease prevention.
- Syndrome: combination of signs and symptoms.
- Disease: ill-health stemming from structural changes with functional alterations.
- Relapsing: repeated recurrences of a disease.
- Surgeon: physician specializing in tissue or organ repair or removal.
- Acute: severe signs/symptoms occurring rapidly.
- Chronic: mild signs/symptoms lasting a long time.
- Subacute: characteristics between acute and chronic.
- Indications: use of drugs in diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of diseases.
- Contraindications: situations where using a drug is harmful or worsens the condition.
- Inflammation: cellular, lymphatic, and vascular reactions localizing and eliminating irritants.
- Repair: replacing damaged tissue with new tissue.
- Regeneration: cellular division and reproduction.
- Degeneration: metabolic/morphological changes from mild irritation.
- Necrosis: tissue death following severe degeneration.
- Thrombosis: blood clot formation in a blood vessel or heart.
- Embolism: an insoluble body traveling through the bloodstream, obstructing a vessel.
- Thromboembolism: thrombus moving from its initial site, creating an embolism.
- Edema: excess fluid accumulation in tissue spaces.
- Ischemic: decreased blood supply to an organ from vessel blockage.
- Infarction: tissue death due to blocked blood supply.
- Hemorrhage: blood escape outside the blood vessels or heart.
- Shock: acute circulatory failure, hypotension/tissue hypoxia.
- Bacterial Infection: pathogenic bacteria causing illness and changes.
- Toxemia: toxins in the circulatory system.
- Septicemia: large numbers of multiplying bacteria and toxins in the blood, due to weakness.
- Immunity: the ability of the body to fight infection through antibody production.
- Diabetes Mellitus: metabolic disease due to insulin deficiency or loss, escalating blood glucose level.
- Percussion: tapping body to hear sounds.
- Palpation: touching the body to feel.
- Stethoscope: medical instrument for listening to lung/heart sounds.
- Auscultation: listening to body sounds with a stethoscope.
- Sphygmomanometer: instrument for measuring blood pressure.
- Aplasia: complete failure of organ development.
- Hypoplasia: failure to achieve full organ development.
- Hyperplasia: increase in cells of an organ, resulting in growth/size increases.
- Neoplasia: unlimited cell multiplication, new tissue growth (tumor).
- Atrophy: reduction in organ size/weight following full development.
- Hypertrophy: abnormal increase in organ size.
- Benign Tumors: localized, slow-growing, tissue resembling original tissue.
- Malignant Tumors: rapid growth, cells spread, invasive.
- Metastasis: spread of malignant tumors to other sites.
- Carcinoma: malignant tumor of epithelial origin.
- Sarcoma: malignant tumor of mesenchymal tissue.
- Embryoma: malignant tumor arising from fetal tissue.
- Adenoma: benign tumor of glandular origin.
- Lipoma: benign tumor of fatty tissue.
- Fibroma: benign tumor of fibrous tissue.
- Osteoma: benign tumor of bone.
- Melanoma: benign or malignant tumor of cells between the epidermis and dermis.
- Endemic: ongoing presence of disease in a population/group/area.
- Epidemic: sudden widespread outbreak of disease in a population/group/area.
- Iatrogenic Illness: unfavorable response to medical treatment.
- Idiopathic Disorder: disease with unknown cause.
- Brady-: slow (e.g., bradpnea).
- Dys-: abnormal, painful, difficult (e.g., dysplasia).
- Mal-: bad, poor (e.g., maladaptive).
- Pachy-: thick (e.g., pachyemia).
- Tachy-: rapid (e.g., tachycardia).
- Xero-: dry (e.g., xeriosis).
- Alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o: pain.
- Carcin/o: cancer.
- Cyst/o, cyst/i: cyst.
- Lith: calculus, stone.
- Onc/o: tumor.
- Path/o: disease.
- Py/o: pus.
- Pyr/o, pyret/o: fever, fire.
- Scler/o: hard.
- Tox/o, toxic/o: poison.
- Staphy/l: grapelike.
- Strep/t: twisted chain.
- Cide: killer.
- Static: stop of growth.
- Thermo: heat, temp.
- Cocci: round bacteria (singular: coccus).
- Bacilli: rod-shaped bacteria (singular: bacillus).
- Chlamydia: organisms smaller than bacteria, growing in cells, susceptible to antibiotics.
- Helminths: worms.
- Nosocomial: hospital-acquired infection.
- Opportunistic: infection occurring from a poor host condition.
- Remission: lessening of disease symptoms.
- Palliative: relieving symptoms but not curing.
- Colic: acute abdominal pain.
- Pus: inflammatory fluid.
- Diaphoresis: profuse sweating.
- Nocturnal: pertaining to night.
- Hernia: organ protrusion.
Bacteria Shapes (Charts)
- Spherical (cocci): Diplococci, Tetrad, Staphylococci, Sarcina
- Rod-shaped (bacilli): Coccobacilli, Palisades, Diplobacilli, Streptobacilli, Spirilla, Spirochaetes, Spore-formers
- Curved: Vibrios
Exotoxins and Endotoxins
- Exotoxins are proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria; secreted or released after lysis.
- Endotoxins are lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria; released upon cell wall breakdown.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to disease, diagnosis, and treatment methodologies. Explore key terms like etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical examinations, which are critical for understanding medical processes. Test your knowledge of how diseases are diagnosed and the tools used in clinical practice.
