Disease, Diagnosis, and Drug Overview

Disease, Diagnosis, and Drug

• Clinical is derived from (clin) meaning bedside.
• Etiology: the study of the cause of a disease and its predisposing factors (tumor, allergy, infection).
• Pathogenesis: the study of disease development, from its start to the point of establishment.
• Pathology: the study of diseases, examining causes using microscopic and naked-eye techniques.
• Symptoms: patient-felt sensations due to disease-related disturbances.
• Signs: observable disease features.
• Diagnosis: determining the cause and nature of an illness.
• Investigations: methods for diagnosis, including lab tests (biochemical, bacteriological, histological, haematological, radiological).
• Clinical Examinations: evaluating patients using physician skills, tools (stethoscope, blood pressure monitor).
• Anatomy: study of body systems, structure, and relations.
• Prognosis: predicting the progress and outcome of a disease.
• Complications: undesirable occurrences during disease progression (e.g., bleeding from a stomach ulcer).
• Prophylaxis: disease prevention.
• Syndrome: combination of signs and symptoms.
• Disease: ill-health stemming from structural changes with functional alterations.
• Relapsing: repeated recurrences of a disease.
• Surgeon: physician specializing in tissue or organ repair or removal.
• Acute: severe signs/symptoms occurring rapidly.
• Chronic: mild signs/symptoms lasting a long time.
• Subacute: characteristics between acute and chronic.
• Indications: use of drugs in diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of diseases.
• Contraindications: situations where using a drug is harmful or worsens the condition.
• Inflammation: cellular, lymphatic, and vascular reactions localizing and eliminating irritants.
• Repair: replacing damaged tissue with new tissue.
• Regeneration: cellular division and reproduction.
• Degeneration: metabolic/morphological changes from mild irritation.
• Necrosis: tissue death following severe degeneration.
• Thrombosis: blood clot formation in a blood vessel or heart.
• Embolism: an insoluble body traveling through the bloodstream, obstructing a vessel.
• Thromboembolism: thrombus moving from its initial site, creating an embolism.
• Edema: excess fluid accumulation in tissue spaces.
• Ischemic: decreased blood supply to an organ from vessel blockage.
• Infarction: tissue death due to blocked blood supply.
• Hemorrhage: blood escape outside the blood vessels or heart.
• Shock: acute circulatory failure, hypotension/tissue hypoxia.
• Bacterial Infection: pathogenic bacteria causing illness and changes.
• Toxemia: toxins in the circulatory system.
• Septicemia: large numbers of multiplying bacteria and toxins in the blood, due to weakness.
• Immunity: the ability of the body to fight infection through antibody production.
• Diabetes Mellitus: metabolic disease due to insulin deficiency or loss, escalating blood glucose level.
• Percussion: tapping body to hear sounds.
• Palpation: touching the body to feel.
• Stethoscope: medical instrument for listening to lung/heart sounds.
• Auscultation: listening to body sounds with a stethoscope.
• Sphygmomanometer: instrument for measuring blood pressure.
• Aplasia: complete failure of organ development.
• Hypoplasia: failure to achieve full organ development.
• Hyperplasia: increase in cells of an organ, resulting in growth/size increases.
• Neoplasia: unlimited cell multiplication, new tissue growth (tumor).
• Atrophy: reduction in organ size/weight following full development.
• Hypertrophy: abnormal increase in organ size.
• Benign Tumors: localized, slow-growing, tissue resembling original tissue.
• Malignant Tumors: rapid growth, cells spread, invasive.
• Metastasis: spread of malignant tumors to other sites.
• Carcinoma: malignant tumor of epithelial origin.
• Sarcoma: malignant tumor of mesenchymal tissue.
• Embryoma: malignant tumor arising from fetal tissue.
• Adenoma: benign tumor of glandular origin.
• Lipoma: benign tumor of fatty tissue.
• Fibroma: benign tumor of fibrous tissue.
• Osteoma: benign tumor of bone.
• Melanoma: benign or malignant tumor of cells between the epidermis and dermis.
• Endemic: ongoing presence of disease in a population/group/area.
• Epidemic: sudden widespread outbreak of disease in a population/group/area.
• Iatrogenic Illness: unfavorable response to medical treatment.
• Idiopathic Disorder: disease with unknown cause.
• Brady-: slow (e.g., bradpnea).
• Dys-: abnormal, painful, difficult (e.g., dysplasia).
• Mal-: bad, poor (e.g., maladaptive).
• Pachy-: thick (e.g., pachyemia).
• Tachy-: rapid (e.g., tachycardia).
• Xero-: dry (e.g., xeriosis).
• Alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o: pain.
• Carcin/o: cancer.
• Cyst/o, cyst/i: cyst.
• Lith: calculus, stone.
• Onc/o: tumor.
• Path/o: disease.
• Py/o: pus.
• Pyr/o, pyret/o: fever, fire.
• Scler/o: hard.
• Tox/o, toxic/o: poison.
• Staphy/l: grapelike.
• Strep/t: twisted chain.
• Cide: killer.
• Static: stop of growth.
• Thermo: heat, temp.
• Cocci: round bacteria (singular: coccus).
• Bacilli: rod-shaped bacteria (singular: bacillus).
• Chlamydia: organisms smaller than bacteria, growing in cells, susceptible to antibiotics.
• Helminths: worms.
• Nosocomial: hospital-acquired infection.
• Opportunistic: infection occurring from a poor host condition.
• Remission: lessening of disease symptoms.
• Palliative: relieving symptoms but not curing.
• Colic: acute abdominal pain.
• Pus: inflammatory fluid.
• Diaphoresis: profuse sweating.
• Nocturnal: pertaining to night.
• Hernia: organ protrusion.

Bacteria Shapes (Charts)

• Spherical (cocci): Diplococci, Tetrad, Staphylococci, Sarcina
• Rod-shaped (bacilli): Coccobacilli, Palisades, Diplobacilli, Streptobacilli, Spirilla, Spirochaetes, Spore-formers
• Curved: Vibrios

Exotoxins and Endotoxins

• Exotoxins are proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria; secreted or released after lysis.
• Endotoxins are lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria; released upon cell wall breakdown.