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Questions and Answers
What is the causative agent of syphilis?
What is the causative agent of syphilis?
- Herpes simplex virus
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Spirochete
- Treponema pallidum (correct)
What is the characteristic lesion of minimal change disease?
What is the characteristic lesion of minimal change disease?
- Intraseptal vesicles with necrotic cellular debris
- Gross hematuria (correct)
- Condylomata acuminate
- Mesangial deposits of IgA containing immune complexes
What is the pathognomonic microscopic lesion of syphilis?
What is the pathognomonic microscopic lesion of syphilis?
- Intrapithelial vesicles with necrotic cellular debris
- Intracytoplasmic spirochetes accompanied by inflammatory cells (correct)
- Mesangial deposits of IgA containing immune complexes
- Diffuse effacement of podocyte foot processes
How does the chancre of syphilis typically present?
How does the chancre of syphilis typically present?
What are gummas commonly found in?
What are gummas commonly found in?
What is the diagnosis for a tumor with large uniform cells, clear cell borders, clear glycogen-rich cytoplasm, prominent nucleolus, and round nuclei?
What is the diagnosis for a tumor with large uniform cells, clear cell borders, clear glycogen-rich cytoplasm, prominent nucleolus, and round nuclei?
Which of the following is a proliferative breast change without atypia?
Which of the following is a proliferative breast change without atypia?
What is not a characteristic of minimal change disease?
What is not a characteristic of minimal change disease?
What is a characteristic of fibroadenomas of the breast?
What is a characteristic of fibroadenomas of the breast?
What is not a morphological finding of chronic pyelonephritis?
What is not a morphological finding of chronic pyelonephritis?
What is a possible symptom of the patient with a history of recurrent kidney stones and depression?
What is a possible symptom of the patient with a history of recurrent kidney stones and depression?
What is not a characteristic of fibroadenomas of the breast?
What is not a characteristic of fibroadenomas of the breast?
What is the likely diagnosis of the patient with an enlarged left inferior parathyroid gland?
What is the likely diagnosis of the patient with an enlarged left inferior parathyroid gland?
What is a possible histological feature of the patient's lesion?
What is a possible histological feature of the patient's lesion?
What is a risk factor for the 44-year-old female patient?
What is a risk factor for the 44-year-old female patient?
What is false for the patient and their disease?
What is false for the patient and their disease?
Which of the following statements is true about cortisol?
Which of the following statements is true about cortisol?
What is the major enzyme involved in cortisol metabolism?
What is the major enzyme involved in cortisol metabolism?
What percentage of breast cancers are sporadic?
What percentage of breast cancers are sporadic?
What is the definition of anemia in pregnancy?
What is the definition of anemia in pregnancy?
Which of the following is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?
Which of the following is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?
What is the expected TSH level in subclinical hyperthyroidism?
What is the expected TSH level in subclinical hyperthyroidism?
What is the most common location of breast cancer?
What is the most common location of breast cancer?
Which of the following conditions does not affect HbA1C levels?
Which of the following conditions does not affect HbA1C levels?
What is the characteristic of the breast mass in breast cancer?
What is the characteristic of the breast mass in breast cancer?
What increases the risk of developing cancer in the other breast?
What increases the risk of developing cancer in the other breast?
Which of the following is a characteristic of MODY?
Which of the following is a characteristic of MODY?
What is the expected urinalysis test finding in nephrotic syndrome?
What is the expected urinalysis test finding in nephrotic syndrome?
What is the definition of hypertension in pregnancy?
What is the definition of hypertension in pregnancy?
Which of the following is a risk factor for vulvar cancer?
Which of the following is a risk factor for vulvar cancer?
Which of the following statements is false about functional hypothalamic amenorrhea?
Which of the following statements is false about functional hypothalamic amenorrhea?
What is the most frequent single chromosomal abnormality seen in abortions?
What is the most frequent single chromosomal abnormality seen in abortions?
Which of the following is a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy?
Which of the following is a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy?
What is not associated with vulvar cancer?
What is not associated with vulvar cancer?
Which of the following is not a protective factor for ovarian cancer?
Which of the following is not a protective factor for ovarian cancer?
What is the stage of the disease if a patient surgically staged with ovarian cancer has malignant pleural effusion and no parenchymal metastases are observed in intra-abdominal organs?
What is the stage of the disease if a patient surgically staged with ovarian cancer has malignant pleural effusion and no parenchymal metastases are observed in intra-abdominal organs?
What is the most likely origin of postcoital bleeding in a 47-year-old woman?
What is the most likely origin of postcoital bleeding in a 47-year-old woman?
Which of the following is a risk factor for Trisomy 21?
Which of the following is a risk factor for Trisomy 21?
What is the correct answer associated with Trisomy 18?
What is the correct answer associated with Trisomy 18?
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Study Notes
Syphilis
- Caused by the spirochete Trichomonas vaginalis
- Characterized by broad, elevated lesions termed condylomata accuminata in the anogenital region, inner thighs, and axillae
- The chancre begins as a small, painless, firm papule 2-4 weeks after sexual exposure
- Gummas occur most commonly in bone, skin, and the mucous membranes of the upper airway and mouth, but any organ may be affected
Minimal Change Disease
- Characterized by immunofluorescent stain demonstrating mesangial deposits of IgA containing immune complexes
- Glomeruli show diffuse effacement of podocyte foot processes
Germ Cell Tumor
- Consists of large uniform cells with clear cell borders, clear glycogen-rich cytoplasm, prominent nucleolus, and round nuclei
- Characterized by prominent lymphocytic infiltration with interspersed fibrous septa
- Diagnosis: Seminoma
Fibroadenomas
- Biphasic tumors containing stromal and epithelial components
- May have MED12 mutations
- Do not recur more frequently than Phyllodes tumors
- Present as well-circumscribed masses with rubbery consistency
- Do not arise from intralobular stroma of breast
Chronic Pyelonephritis
- Characterized by chronic inflammation, tubular atrophy, and thyroidization
- Does not show liquefactive necrosis and collection of neutrophils
- Periglomerular fibrosis is present
Cortisol
- Secretion has a circadian rhythm
- Free cortisol is the biologically active form of cortisol
- Levels increase in situations such as fever, infection, and stress
- The major enzyme involved in cortisol metabolism is 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-β-HSDH)
Diabetes Mellitus
- Gestational diabetes poses a risk factor for type 2 diabetes
- Genetic penetrance is not high in type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Acromegaly and hyperthyroidism may induce hyperglycemia
- Fasting and chronic anemias do not affect HbA1C levels
- In patients with early-onset diabetes, without insulin resistance, and treatable with sulfonylurea type oral antidiabetic drugs, MODY must be considered
Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
- Diagnosis is made with a painless mass in the majority of patients
- The mass feels hard due to intense stromal reaction
- The mass is commonly localized in the lower outer, central, upper inner, lower inner, and upper outer quadrants, respectively
Urinalysis
- Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria >3.5 grams/24 hours
Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Hyperemesis gravidarum can be differentiated from morning sickness by detection of ketones in urine
- Hypertension in pregnancy is defined as absolute blood pressure values: systolic > 140 mmHg or diastolic > 90 mmHg
Vulvar Cancer
- Risk factors include lichen sclerosus, obesity, and cigarette smoking
- Is not associated with seborrheic keratosis
- Basaloid condyloma, vulvar dystrophy, and squamous hyperplasia are associated with vulvar cancer
Ovarian Cancer
- Malignant pleural effusion is detected in stage IIIC disease
- Salpingectomy is not a protective factor for ovarian cancer
- Multiple birth, lactation, and oral contraceptive drugs are protective factors for ovarian cancer
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