Disease Symptoms and Diagnosis

Syphilis

• Caused by the spirochete Trichomonas vaginalis
• Characterized by broad, elevated lesions termed condylomata accuminata in the anogenital region, inner thighs, and axillae
• The chancre begins as a small, painless, firm papule 2-4 weeks after sexual exposure
• Gummas occur most commonly in bone, skin, and the mucous membranes of the upper airway and mouth, but any organ may be affected

Minimal Change Disease

• Characterized by immunofluorescent stain demonstrating mesangial deposits of IgA containing immune complexes
• Glomeruli show diffuse effacement of podocyte foot processes

Germ Cell Tumor

• Consists of large uniform cells with clear cell borders, clear glycogen-rich cytoplasm, prominent nucleolus, and round nuclei
• Characterized by prominent lymphocytic infiltration with interspersed fibrous septa
• Diagnosis: Seminoma

Fibroadenomas

• Biphasic tumors containing stromal and epithelial components
• May have MED12 mutations
• Do not recur more frequently than Phyllodes tumors
• Present as well-circumscribed masses with rubbery consistency
• Do not arise from intralobular stroma of breast

Chronic Pyelonephritis

• Characterized by chronic inflammation, tubular atrophy, and thyroidization
• Does not show liquefactive necrosis and collection of neutrophils
• Periglomerular fibrosis is present

Cortisol

• Secretion has a circadian rhythm
• Free cortisol is the biologically active form of cortisol
• Levels increase in situations such as fever, infection, and stress
• The major enzyme involved in cortisol metabolism is 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-β-HSDH)

Diabetes Mellitus

• Gestational diabetes poses a risk factor for type 2 diabetes
• Genetic penetrance is not high in type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Acromegaly and hyperthyroidism may induce hyperglycemia
• Fasting and chronic anemias do not affect HbA1C levels
• In patients with early-onset diabetes, without insulin resistance, and treatable with sulfonylurea type oral antidiabetic drugs, MODY must be considered

Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea

• Diagnosis is made with a painless mass in the majority of patients
• The mass feels hard due to intense stromal reaction
• The mass is commonly localized in the lower outer, central, upper inner, lower inner, and upper outer quadrants, respectively

Urinalysis

• Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria >3.5 grams/24 hours

Obstetrics and Gynecology

• Hyperemesis gravidarum can be differentiated from morning sickness by detection of ketones in urine
• Hypertension in pregnancy is defined as absolute blood pressure values: systolic > 140 mmHg or diastolic > 90 mmHg

Vulvar Cancer

• Risk factors include lichen sclerosus, obesity, and cigarette smoking
• Is not associated with seborrheic keratosis
• Basaloid condyloma, vulvar dystrophy, and squamous hyperplasia are associated with vulvar cancer

Ovarian Cancer

• Malignant pleural effusion is detected in stage IIIC disease
• Salpingectomy is not a protective factor for ovarian cancer
• Multiple birth, lactation, and oral contraceptive drugs are protective factors for ovarian cancer

Quiz questions about symptoms and diagnosis of diseases such as syphilis and minimal change disease.