Disease Diagnosis and Treatment

Common Associated Disease: Benign tertian malaria, vivax malaria Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, dapsone

Common Associated Disease: Benign tertian malaria, ovale malaria Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, dapsone

Common Associated Disease: Quartan malaria, malarial malaria Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, dapsone

Common Associated Disease: Black water fever, malignant tertian malaria, aestivoautumnal malaria, subtertian malaria, falciparum malaria Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, dapsone

Common Associated Disease: x Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes Treatment: quinine, artemether lumefantrine, chloroquine,

Common Associated Disease: Babesiosis Infective stage: sporozoites injected by ticks during a blood meal Diagnostic stage: trophozoite Vector: Ixodes dammini ticks Treatment: Clindamycin and quinineor atovaquone and azithromycin, Diminazene and pentamidine, combination or singly, and pyrimethamine and quinine

Common Associated Disease: Babesiosis Infective stage: sporozoites injected by ticks during a blood meal Diagnostic stage: trophozoite Vector: Ixodes ricinus ticks Treatment: Clindamycin and quinineor atovaquone and azithromycin, Diminazene and pentamidine, combination or singly, and pyrimethamine and quinine

(Relative age of infected RBCs: Only young and immature cells) (Appearance of infected RBCs: Enlarged, distorted)

(Relative age of infected RBCs: Only young and immature cells) (Appearance of infected RBCs: Oval and enlarged, distorted with ragged cell walls)

(Relative age of infected RBCs: Only immature cells) (Appearance of infected RBCs: Normal size, no distortion)

(Relative age of infected RBCs: May infect cells of all ages) (Appearance of infected RBCs: Normal size, no distortion)

(Appearance: Resembles a ring form Does not contain Schüffner’s, Ziemann’s, or Maurer’s dots) (Ring characteristics when stained with Giemsa: Blue cyto plasmic circle connected with or to red chromatin dot Vacuole usually present)

(Appearance: Resembles four trophozoites attached by their respective chromatin dots in the shape of a Maltese cross)

(Ring form: Delicate cytoplasmic ring measuring one third of RBC diameter. Single chromatin dot Ring surrounds a vacuole. Accolé forms possible.) (Developing trophozoite: Irregular ameboid appearance Ring remnants common Brown pigment becomes apparent, increases in number and visibility as parasites mature) (Immature schizont: Multiple chromatin bodies, Often contains clumps of brown pigment) (Mature schizont: 12 to 24 merozoites occupy most of infected red blood cell Merozoites surrounded by cytoplasmic material Brown pigment maybe present) (Microgametocyte: Large pink to purple chromatin mass surrounded by colorless to pale halo Brown pigment common) (Macrogametocyte: Round to oval cytoplasm Eccentric chromatin mass Delicate light-brown pigment—maybe visible throughout cell)

(Ring form: Resembles that of P.vivax, Ring larger in size than P.vivax, Ring thick and ofther somewhat ameboid in appearance) (Developing trophozoite: Ring appearance usually maintained until late in development, ameboid tendecies not as evident in P. vivax) (Immature schizont: progressive dividing chromatin surrounded by cytoplasmic material - often maintains circular shape in early development) (Mature schizont: Parasites occupy 75% pf RBC's, rosette arrangement of merozoites with an average of eight merozoites typically present) (Microgametocyte: Similar to P.vivax, only smaller in size) (Macrogametocyte: Similar to Pvivax, only smaller in size)

(Ring form: Smaller than P.vivax, occupies one sixth of the RBC, heavy chromatin dot vacuole may appear filled in, pigment characteristically forms early) (Developing trophozoite: Non ameboid solid cytoplasm that may assume roundish, oval, band or bar shape, Cytoplasm contains coarse dark brown pigment, may mask chromatin material, vacoules absent in mature stages) (Immature schizont: Similar to that of P.vivax, only smaller, may contain large and dark peripheral or central granules) (Mature schizont: Typically contains 6 to 12 merozoites arrange in rosttes or irregular clusters, central arrangement of brown - green pigment may be visible, infected RBC may not be seen because developing parasites often fill the cell completely) (Microgametocyte: x) (Macrogametocyte: x)

(Ring form: Circle configuration (one chromatin dot) or headphone configuration (two chromatin dot, scanty cytoplasm, small vacuole usually visible, multiple rings common, accolé forms possible) (Developing trophozoite: Heavy rings common, Fine pigment granules, Mature forms only seen in severe infection) (Immature schizont: Multiple chromatin bodies surrounded by cytoplasm, only detected in severe infections) (Mature schizont: Typically consist of 8-36 merozoites (average, 24) in cluster arrangement, only detected in severe infections) (Microgametocyte: Sausage or crescent shaped, dispersed central chromatin with nearby black pigment usually visible) (Macrogametocyte: Sausage or crescent shaped, compact chromatin, black pigment surrounding chromatin may be visible)