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Common Associated Disease: Benign tertian malaria, vivax malaria
Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal
Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont
Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes
Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, dapsone
Common Associated Disease: Benign tertian malaria, vivax malaria Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, dapsone
Common Associated Disease: Benign tertian malaria, ovale malaria
Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal
Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont
Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes
Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, dapsone
Common Associated Disease: Benign tertian malaria, ovale malaria Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, dapsone
Common Associated Disease: Quartan malaria, malarial malaria
Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal
Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont
Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes
Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, dapsone
Common Associated Disease: Quartan malaria, malarial malaria Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, dapsone
Common Associated Disease: Black water fever, malignant tertian malaria, aestivoautumnal malaria, subtertian malaria, falciparum malaria
Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal
Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont
Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes
Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, dapsone
Common Associated Disease: Black water fever, malignant tertian malaria, aestivoautumnal malaria, subtertian malaria, falciparum malaria Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, dapsone
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Common Associated Disease: x
Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal
Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont
Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes
Treatment: quinine, artemether lumefantrine, chloroquine,
Common Associated Disease: x Infective stage: sporozoites injected by mosquito during blood meal Diagnostic stage: Immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, schizont Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes Treatment: quinine, artemether lumefantrine, chloroquine,
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Common Associated Disease: Babesiosis
Infective stage: sporozoites injected by ticks during a blood meal
Diagnostic stage: trophozoite
Vector: Ixodes dammini ticks
Treatment: Clindamycin and quinineor
atovaquone and azithromycin,
Diminazene and pentamidine,
combination or singly, and
pyrimethamine and quinine
Common Associated Disease: Babesiosis Infective stage: sporozoites injected by ticks during a blood meal Diagnostic stage: trophozoite Vector: Ixodes dammini ticks Treatment: Clindamycin and quinineor atovaquone and azithromycin, Diminazene and pentamidine, combination or singly, and pyrimethamine and quinine
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Common Associated Disease: Babesiosis
Infective stage: sporozoites injected by ticks during a blood meal
Diagnostic stage: trophozoite
Vector: Ixodes ricinus ticks
Treatment: Clindamycin and quinineor
atovaquone and azithromycin,
Diminazene and pentamidine,
combination or singly, and
pyrimethamine and quinine
Common Associated Disease: Babesiosis Infective stage: sporozoites injected by ticks during a blood meal Diagnostic stage: trophozoite Vector: Ixodes ricinus ticks Treatment: Clindamycin and quinineor atovaquone and azithromycin, Diminazene and pentamidine, combination or singly, and pyrimethamine and quinine
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(Relative age of infected RBCs: Only young and immature cells)
(Appearance of infected RBCs: Enlarged, distorted)
(Relative age of infected RBCs: Only young and immature cells) (Appearance of infected RBCs: Enlarged, distorted)
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(Relative age of infected RBCs: Only young and immature cells)
(Appearance of infected RBCs: Oval and enlarged, distorted with ragged cell walls)
(Relative age of infected RBCs: Only young and immature cells) (Appearance of infected RBCs: Oval and enlarged, distorted with ragged cell walls)
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(Relative age of infected RBCs: Only immature cells)
(Appearance of infected RBCs: Normal size, no distortion)
(Relative age of infected RBCs: Only immature cells) (Appearance of infected RBCs: Normal size, no distortion)
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(Relative age of infected RBCs: May infect cells of all ages)
(Appearance of infected RBCs: Normal size, no distortion)
(Relative age of infected RBCs: May infect cells of all ages) (Appearance of infected RBCs: Normal size, no distortion)
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(Appearance: Resembles a ring form Does not contain Schüffner’s, Ziemann’s, or Maurer’s dots)
(Ring characteristics when stained with Giemsa: Blue cyto plasmic circle connected with or to red chromatin dot Vacuole usually present)
(Appearance: Resembles a ring form Does not contain Schüffner’s, Ziemann’s, or Maurer’s dots) (Ring characteristics when stained with Giemsa: Blue cyto plasmic circle connected with or to red chromatin dot Vacuole usually present)
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(Appearance: Resembles four trophozoites attached by their respective chromatin dots in the shape of a Maltese cross)
(Appearance: Resembles four trophozoites attached by their respective chromatin dots in the shape of a Maltese cross)
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(Ring form: Delicate cytoplasmic ring measuring one third of RBC diameter. Single chromatin dot Ring surrounds a vacuole. Accolé forms possible.)
(Developing trophozoite: Irregular ameboid appearance Ring remnants common Brown pigment becomes apparent, increases in number and visibility as parasites mature)
(Immature schizont: Multiple chromatin bodies, Often contains clumps of brown pigment)
(Mature schizont: 12 to 24 merozoites occupy most of infected red blood cell Merozoites surrounded by cytoplasmic material Brown pigment maybe present)
(Microgametocyte: Large pink to purple chromatin mass surrounded by colorless to pale halo Brown pigment common)
(Macrogametocyte: Round to oval cytoplasm Eccentric chromatin mass Delicate light-brown pigment—maybe visible throughout cell)
(Ring form: Delicate cytoplasmic ring measuring one third of RBC diameter. Single chromatin dot Ring surrounds a vacuole. Accolé forms possible.) (Developing trophozoite: Irregular ameboid appearance Ring remnants common Brown pigment becomes apparent, increases in number and visibility as parasites mature) (Immature schizont: Multiple chromatin bodies, Often contains clumps of brown pigment) (Mature schizont: 12 to 24 merozoites occupy most of infected red blood cell Merozoites surrounded by cytoplasmic material Brown pigment maybe present) (Microgametocyte: Large pink to purple chromatin mass surrounded by colorless to pale halo Brown pigment common) (Macrogametocyte: Round to oval cytoplasm Eccentric chromatin mass Delicate light-brown pigment—maybe visible throughout cell)
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(Ring form: Resembles that of P.vivax, Ring larger in size than P.vivax, Ring thick and ofther somewhat ameboid in appearance)
(Developing trophozoite: Ring appearance usually maintained until late in development, ameboid tendecies not as evident in P. vivax)
(Immature schizont: progressive dividing chromatin surrounded by cytoplasmic material - often maintains circular shape in early development)
(Mature schizont: Parasites occupy 75% pf RBC's, rosette arrangement of merozoites with an average of eight merozoites typically present)
(Microgametocyte: Similar to P.vivax, only smaller in size)
(Macrogametocyte: Similar to Pvivax, only smaller in size)
(Ring form: Resembles that of P.vivax, Ring larger in size than P.vivax, Ring thick and ofther somewhat ameboid in appearance) (Developing trophozoite: Ring appearance usually maintained until late in development, ameboid tendecies not as evident in P. vivax) (Immature schizont: progressive dividing chromatin surrounded by cytoplasmic material - often maintains circular shape in early development) (Mature schizont: Parasites occupy 75% pf RBC's, rosette arrangement of merozoites with an average of eight merozoites typically present) (Microgametocyte: Similar to P.vivax, only smaller in size) (Macrogametocyte: Similar to Pvivax, only smaller in size)
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(Ring form: Smaller than P.vivax, occupies one sixth of the RBC, heavy chromatin dot vacuole may appear filled in, pigment characteristically forms early)
(Developing trophozoite: Non ameboid solid cytoplasm that may assume roundish, oval, band or bar shape, Cytoplasm contains coarse dark brown pigment, may mask chromatin material, vacoules absent in mature stages)
(Immature schizont: Similar to that of P.vivax, only smaller, may contain large and dark peripheral or central granules)
(Mature schizont: Typically contains 6 to 12 merozoites arrange in rosttes or irregular clusters, central arrangement of brown - green pigment may be visible, infected RBC may not be seen because developing parasites often fill the cell completely)
(Microgametocyte: x)
(Macrogametocyte: x)
(Ring form: Smaller than P.vivax, occupies one sixth of the RBC, heavy chromatin dot vacuole may appear filled in, pigment characteristically forms early) (Developing trophozoite: Non ameboid solid cytoplasm that may assume roundish, oval, band or bar shape, Cytoplasm contains coarse dark brown pigment, may mask chromatin material, vacoules absent in mature stages) (Immature schizont: Similar to that of P.vivax, only smaller, may contain large and dark peripheral or central granules) (Mature schizont: Typically contains 6 to 12 merozoites arrange in rosttes or irregular clusters, central arrangement of brown - green pigment may be visible, infected RBC may not be seen because developing parasites often fill the cell completely) (Microgametocyte: x) (Macrogametocyte: x)
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(Ring form: Circle configuration (one chromatin dot) or headphone configuration (two chromatin dot, scanty cytoplasm, small vacuole usually visible, multiple rings common, accolé forms possible)
(Developing trophozoite: Heavy rings common, Fine pigment granules, Mature forms only seen in severe infection)
(Immature schizont: Multiple chromatin bodies surrounded by cytoplasm, only detected in severe infections)
(Mature schizont: Typically consist of 8-36 merozoites (average, 24) in cluster arrangement, only detected in severe infections)
(Microgametocyte: Sausage or crescent shaped, dispersed central chromatin with nearby black pigment usually visible)
(Macrogametocyte: Sausage or crescent shaped, compact chromatin, black pigment surrounding chromatin may be visible)
(Ring form: Circle configuration (one chromatin dot) or headphone configuration (two chromatin dot, scanty cytoplasm, small vacuole usually visible, multiple rings common, accolé forms possible) (Developing trophozoite: Heavy rings common, Fine pigment granules, Mature forms only seen in severe infection) (Immature schizont: Multiple chromatin bodies surrounded by cytoplasm, only detected in severe infections) (Mature schizont: Typically consist of 8-36 merozoites (average, 24) in cluster arrangement, only detected in severe infections) (Microgametocyte: Sausage or crescent shaped, dispersed central chromatin with nearby black pigment usually visible) (Macrogametocyte: Sausage or crescent shaped, compact chromatin, black pigment surrounding chromatin may be visible)
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Study Notes
Malaria
- Benign tertian malaria, vivax malaria, ovale malaria, quartan malaria, and malarial malaria are all associated with the same infective stage, diagnostic stage, and vector.
- Infective stage: sporozoites injected by female Anopheles mosquitoes during a blood meal.
- Diagnostic stage: immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, and schizont.
- Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes.
- Treatment: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, and dapsone.
Falciparum Malaria
- Associated with black water fever, malignant tertian malaria, aestivoautumnal malaria, and subtertian malaria.
- Infective stage: sporozoites injected by female Anopheles mosquitoes during a blood meal.
- Diagnostic stage: immature trophozoite (ring stage), mature trophozoite, and schizont.
- Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes.
- Treatment: quinine, artemether lumefantrine, and chloroquine.
Babesiosis
- Associated with tick-borne diseases.
- Infective stage: sporozoites injected by ticks during a blood meal.
- Diagnostic stage: trophozoite.
- Vector: Ixodes dammini and Ixodes ricinus ticks.
- Treatment: Clindamycin and quinine, atovaquone and azithromycin, Diminazene and pentamidine, or pyrimethamine and quinine.
Morphology
- Infected RBCs: enlarged, distorted, or normal size, with or without distortion.
- Trophozoite: ring form, ameboid appearance, or irregular shape.
- Schizont: multiple chromatin bodies, with or without brown pigment.
- Microgametocyte: large pink to purple chromatin mass, or small, round, and compact chromatin.
- Macrogametocyte: round to oval cytoplasm, eccentric chromatin mass, or similar to microgametocyte.
Species Characteristics
- P. vivax: ring form with a blue cytoplasmic circle, single chromatin dot, and vacuole usually present.
- P. ovale: ring form with a delicate cytoplasmic ring, measuring one-third of RBC diameter.
- P. malariae: ring form with a thick, ameboid appearance, and heavy chromatin dot.
- P. falciparum: ring form with a small, one-sixth RBC diameter, and heavy chromatin dot, with coarse dark brown pigment.
- P. knowlesi: ring form with a circle configuration, or headphone configuration, with scanty cytoplasm, and small vacuole usually visible.
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Description
This quiz covers the diagnosis, treatment, and associated diseases, including the infective stage and vectors.
