Disease, Diagnosis, and Drugs PDF

# Disease, diagnosis and drug ## The clinical description of disease - Clinical is derived from (clin)= at bedside. - To describe a disease, some important headings are essential to know. ### Etiology - Eti = cause - Logy = study or science dealing with - Thus, the word etiology means studying the...

# Disease, diagnosis and drug ## The clinical description of disease - Clinical is derived from (clin)= at bedside. - To describe a disease, some important headings are essential to know. ### Etiology - Eti = cause - Logy = study or science dealing with - Thus, the word etiology means studying the cause of the disease and its predisposing factors such as tumor, allergy, infection....etc. ### Pathogenesis - Path- = disease - genesis = origin - Thus the word pathogenesis means the study of disease development from the start of the condition till the establishment of the disease. ### Pathology - The science that deal with the cause and nature of the disease by microscopic and naked-eye examination. ### Symptoms - The feelings noticed by the patient due to the disturbances caused by the disease. ### Signs - The features of the disease or deformation. It is observed by the physician, relatives or the patient himself. ### Diagnosis - Dia- =through, -gnosis = knowledge - The process of determining the cause and nature of an illness. ### Investigations - The methods used to reach the definitive diagnosis such as laboratory tests which include: biochemical, bacteriological, histological, haematological and radiological. ### Clinical examinations - Examination of the patient by using the physician's skills, his hands, stethoscope, blood pressure apparatus or other aids to know the physical signs of the disease. ### Anatomy - The science that deal with the body systems regarding structure and relations. ### Prognosis - Pro = beforehand - gnosis = knowledge - Thus, the meaning is the prediction of the progress, and termination of a disease. ### Complications - Undesirable events in the progress of the disease such as bleeding from stomach ulcer. ### Prophylaxis - Prevention of disease. ### Syndrome - Set of signs and symptoms running together. ### Disease - A state of ill-health resulting from structural changes associated with functional alteration. ### Relapsing - Repeated recurrence of disease for several times. ### -Surgeon - Sur = hand geon = work - Physician who uses instruments to remove or repair a diseased tissue or organ. ### Acute - The severe signs and symptoms of the disease that occur in short duration. ### Chronic - The signs and symptoms of mild nature start slowly and gradually and maintained for a long time. ### Subacute - The severity and duration of the signs and symptoms are between acute and chronic. ### Indications - The use of drugs in the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of specific disease. ### Contra-indications - The disease in which the use of a drug will be harmful or will aggravate the condition. ### Inflammation - Cellular, lymphatic and vascular reactions against an irritant in order to localize and remove the irritant. ### Repair - A replacement of a damage tissue by a new one. ### Regeneration - The division and reproduction of the cells. ### Degeneration - A metabolic and morphological changes resulting from irritation not severe enough to kill cells. ### Necrosis - A local death of a mass of tissue which occur either directly or follow severe degeneration. ### Thrombosis - The formation of compact body (from blood elements) inside a blood vessel or the heart. ### Embolism - Insoluble body which circulates in the blood until it occlude a small vessel. ### Thrombo-embolism - The movement of a thrombus from its site and production of embolism. ### Edema - Accumulation of excess fluid in tissue spaces, pulmonary alveoli or inside the cells. ### Ischemia - A decrease of blood supply to an organ due to occlusion of its artery. ### Infarction - An area of necrosis caused by sudden occlusion of the arterial supply by thrombosis or embolism. ### Haemorrhage - The escape of blood outside the blood vessels or the heart. ### Shock - An acute circulatory failure i.e. hypotension and tissue hypoxia. ### Bacterial infection - The invasion of the body by pathogenic bacteria and development of pathological changes. ### Toxaemia - The presence of toxins in the circulating blood. ### Septicaemia - The presence of a large number of multiplying bacteria and their toxins in the blood due to low body resistance. ### Immunity - The ability of the body to overcome infection by the microorganism by producing antibodies. ### Diabetes melletus - Metabolic disease due to decrease or complete loss of insulin leading to increase in the blood glucose level (hyperglycemia). ### Percussion - Tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced ### Palpation - Touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers ### Stethoscope - Instrument which is used to hear sounds elicited from heart, lungs or abdomen. ### Auscultation - Listening to body sounds with a stethoscope ### Sphygmomanometer - Instrument which is used to measure the blood pressure. ### Aplasia - Complete failure of organ development. ### Hypoplasia - Failure of an organ to reach its full sized development. ### Hyperplasia - Increase in no of cells and consequently size and weight of an organ. ### Neoplasia - New growth formed by unlimited multiplication of the cells in an organ (tumor). ### Atrophy - A decrease in size and weight of tissue or organ after reaching a full development. ### Hypertrophy - Abnormal increase in the size of the an organ. ### Benign tumors - Slowly growing tissue growth localized at the site of origin and cells resemble the tissue of origin. ### Malignant (evil nature) tumors - Rapidly growing growth, infiltrating between surrounding cells without localization. ### Metastasis - Spread of malignant tumors away from site of origin through blood or lymphatic vessels. ### Carcinoma - A malignant tumor from epithelial origin. ### Sarcoma - A malignant tumor from mesenchymal tissue in younger age. It spread faster than carcinoma. ### Embryoma - A malignant tumor from fetal tissues in early life. ### Adenoma - Benign epithelial tumor of glandular origin (endocrine or mucous). ### Lipoma - Benign mesenchymal tumor from fatty tissue. ### Fibroma - Benign mesenchymal tumor from fibrous tissue. ### Osteoma - Benign mesenchymal tumor from bone. ### Melanoma - Benign or malignant tumor from cells between epidermis and dermis. ### Endemic - refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area ### An epidemic - is a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area ### Iatrogenic illness - is an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment. ### An idiopathic disorder - is an illness without known cause ## Prefixes for Disease | Prefix | Meaning | Example | Definition of example | |---|---|---|---| | brady- | slow | Bradypnea | slow breathing (-pnea) | | dys- | abnormal, painful, difficult | Dysplasia | abnormal development of tissue | | mal- | bad, poor | Maladaptive | poorly suited to a specific use or to the environment | | pachy- | thick | Pachyemia | thickness of the blood (-emia) | | tachy- | rapid | Tachycardia | rapid heart (cardi) rate | | xero- | dry | Xerosis | dryness of the skin or membranes | ## Roots for Disease | Root | Meaning | Example | Definition of example | |---|---|---|---| | alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o | Pain | algesia | condition of having pain | | carcin/o | cancer, carcinoma | carcinogen | substance that produces cancer | | cyst/o, cyst/i | filled sac or pouch, cyst, bladder | cystic | pertaining to or having cysts | | Lith | calculus, stone | lithiasis | stone formation | | onc/o | Tumor | oncogene | gene that causes a tumor | | path/o | Disease | pathogen | organism that produces disease | | py/o | Pus | pyocyst | a sac or cyst containing pus | | pyr/o, pyret/o | fever, fire | pyretic | pertaining to fever | | scler/o | Hard | sclerosis | hardening of tissue | | tox/o, toxic/o | Poison | exotoxin | toxin secreted by bacterial cells | ## Suffixes and Roots for microorganism | Word Part | Meaning | Example | Definition Of Example | |---|---|---|---| | staphyl | grapelike cluster | staphylococcus | round bacterium that forms grapelike clusters | | strept | twisted chain | streptobacillus | a rod-shaped bacterium that forms chains | | cide | killer | bactericidal | agent that kill bacteria | | static | stop of growth | mycostatic | agent that stop growth of fungus | | thermo | heat, temp. | hypothermia | low body temp. | ## Bacteria Shapes - **Spheres (Cocci)** - Streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) - Diplococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae) - Tetrad - Staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus) - Sarcina (Sarcina ventriculi) - **Rods, or bacillus** - bacillus - coccobacillus - palisades - diplobacillus - spore-former - streptobacillus - **Curved shapes of bacteria** - vibrious - spirilla - spirochaetes ## Differences Between Exotoxins and Endotoxins - **Exotoxins** - are proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria, most commonly gram-positive bacteria, as part of their growth and metabolism. - The exotoxins are then secreted or released into the surrounding medium following lysis. - **Endotoxins** - are the lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria (lipid A). - The endotoxins are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart. - **Cocci:** round bacteria singular, coccus. - **Bacilli:** rod-shaped bacteria; singular, bacillus. - **Chlamydia:** organisms smaller than bacteria that, like viruses, grow in living cells but are susceptible to antibiotics. - **Helminths:** worm. - **Nosocomial:** describing an infection acquired in a hospital (noso means "disease," and comial refers to a hospital). - **Opportunistic:** describing an infection that occurs because of a poor or altered condition of the host. - **Remission:** lessening of disease symptoms; the period when no sign of a disease exists. - **Palliative:** Providing relief but not cure; a treatment that provides such relief - **Colic:** Acute abdominal pain associated with smooth muscle spasms. - **Pus:** A product of inflammation consisting of fluid and white blood cells - **Diaphoresis:** Profuse sweating. - **Nocturnal:** Pertaining to or occurring at night. - **Hernia:** Protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening