Pharm EXAM 2

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Which direct adrenergic agonist is known to have a mixed agonist action and is rapidly inactivated?

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Phenylephrine

Epinephrine (correct)

What are the ocular toxic side effects associated with topical application of epinephrine?

Madarosis (correct)

Iris color changes

Corneal scarring

Retinal detachment

Which direct adrenergic agonist is structurally similar to epinephrine and predominantly an alpha 1 agonist?

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Dopamine

Phenylephrine (correct)

What is the main clinical use of Phenylephrine at a 10% concentration?

Partial dilation Signup and view all the answers

Which effect is NOT associated with the use of Epinephrine?

Pupillary constriction Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is a potential side effect of Phenylephrine use at a 0.125% concentration?

Horner's ptosis Signup and view all the answers

Why are direct adrenergic agonists like Epinephrine not recommended for patients with narrow angles?

Increased risk of angle closure glaucoma Signup and view all the answers

'Mueller's and conjunctival arterioles' dilation is associated with which direct adrenergic agonist?

Phenylephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which ocular side effect is specifically associated with chronic use of the drug mentioned in the text?

Decrease in conjunctival/iris PO2 Signup and view all the answers

What systemic side effect is reported in some cases after using the drug mentioned?

Episodes of rise in blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which drug interaction is NOT mentioned in relation to the drug discussed?

Dopamine agonists Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the drug mentioned in the text?

Malignant hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which indirect adrenergic agonist works by liberating norepinephrine from the presynaptic vesicle at the neuromuscular junction?

Hydroxyamphetamine (paredrine) Signup and view all the answers

What is a clinical use of Paremyd which contains a combination of 1% hydroxyamphetamine and .25% tropicamide?

Inducing complete pupil dilation Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom helps differentiate between central/2nd neuron and 3rd neuron Horner’s syndrome when treated with certain drugs mentioned?

Moderate irritation Signup and view all the answers

What is the anesthetic action of cocaine when used in ophthalmic solutions?

Blocking reuptake of norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Where are M4 receptors predominantly found?

Basal ganglia Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type is found in the substantia nigra in the midbrain?

M5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of M2 receptor stimulation in the heart?

Decrease heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter signal transduction occurs through activation of a 2nd messenger leading to increased intracellular [Ca]?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Why is acetylcholine of no importance therapeutically?

Rapid inactivation Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is structurally related to acetylcholine but not destroyed by acetylcholinesterase?

Bethanechol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of bethanechol?

Increased bladder tone Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that sets bethanechol apart from acetylcholine?

Rapid inactivation by acetylcholinesterase Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is an irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide?

Echothiophate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease?

Rivastigmine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of Neostigmine in the context of myasthenia gravis?

Treatment of skeletal muscle weakness Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used intravenously for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis?

Edrophonium Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects associated with muscarinic agonists?

Diarrhea, diaphoresis, miosis, nausea Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is derived from the belladonna alkaloid and has antimuscarinic effects?

Atropine Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used as an antidote for tubocurarine and neuromuscular blockers?

Pyridostigmine Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of Echothiophate?

Chronic treatment of open angle glaucoma. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of theophylline and aminophylline?

Phosphodiesterase inhibition causing an increase in cAMP Signup and view all the answers