Diabetes in Dogs and Cats: Clinical Signs and Complications

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What is the initial treatment for cats diagnosed with diabetes mellitus?

Increasing fat intake in the diet

Switching to a high-carbohydrate diet

Switching to a high-protein diet

Switching to a low-carbohydrate diet (correct)

Which diagnostic test can be helpful in distinguishing stress-induced hyperglycemia from diabetes in cats?

Urine culture testing

Thyroid function test

Measurement of cholesterol levels

Measurement of fructosamine (correct)

What is the remission rate for cats with diabetes mellitus?

70%

90% (correct)

50%

20%

In which group of dogs does spontaneous diabetes most commonly occur?

Middle-aged dogs Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial dosage of detemir in dogs with poor glycemic control being given NPH or lente insulin?

0.1 U/kg, twice daily Signup and view all the answers

Which insulin is associated with remission of diabetes and discontinuation of insulin therapy in 80%–90% of cases within the first 3–4 months of treatment in cats?

Glargine insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial dose of insulin glargine in newly diagnosed cats?

1–2 U/cat, twice daily Signup and view all the answers

Which sulfonylurea stimulates the release of insulin from functional β cells in diabetic cats?

Glipizide Signup and view all the answers

At what dose should glipizide be initially administered to cats in conjunction with dietary management?

2.5 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

Which oral α-glucosidase inhibitor has been used in cats at a dose of 12.5–25 mg, twice a day, in conjunction with diet and/or insulin to control hyperglycemia?

Acarbose Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended therapy for correcting dehydration in cats with ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus?

Supplemental administration of appropriate electrolyte solutions Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial dosage in the intermittent insulin regimen for treating ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus?

0.1 U/kg, IM Signup and view all the answers

What should be added to the IV fluids during aggressive treatment with insulin to prevent rapid fall in blood glucose levels?

5% dextrose Signup and view all the answers

What kind of insulin has been advocated for the management of ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus in cats?

Glargine insulin Signup and view all the answers

What should be used to maintain serum electrolyte levels during treatment of ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus?

Appropriate electrolyte solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diet is associated with remission of diabetes and discontinuation of insulin therapy in cats?

High-protein, low-carbohydrate diets Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical sign of diabetes mellitus in dogs?

Hepatomegaly Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the development of fatty liver in diabetic dogs and cats?

Increased fat mobilization from adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of cataract formation in dogs with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus?

Sorbitol pathway leading to glucose accumulation in the lens Signup and view all the answers

Which extrapancreatic lesion associated with diabetes mellitus in people is rare in dogs and cats?

Diabetic ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic metabolic disturbance in diabetic ketoacidosis?

Dehydration and hypovolemia Signup and view all the answers

How is diabetic ketoacidosis treated?

Rehydration and the use of short- and long-acting insulins Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in decompensated diabetes mellitus?

Serum glucose > 600 mg/dL and hyperosmolality > 320 mOsm/kg Signup and view all the answers

What assists in differentiating between stress-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus?

Elevated serum fructosamine concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What can help improve remission rates in cats with diabetes mellitus?

High-protein, low-carbohydrate diets Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fasting value for blood glucose in dogs and cats?

75–120 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of diabetic patients are euthanized on day 1 of diagnosis?

Up to 25% Signup and view all the answers

What is critical for long-term success in the treatment of diabetes mellitus?

Excellent client communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common pancreatic lesion in many cats with diabetes?

Selective deposition of amyloid in islets Signup and view all the answers

What may lead to physical disruption of the β cell and insulin resistance in cats with diabetes?

Selective deposition of amyloid Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of rapidly developing diabetes mellitus in people?

Infection with certain viruses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of decreased insulin production and secretion in dogs and cats?

Destruction of islet cells Signup and view all the answers

What enables stress, obesity, and administration of corticosteroids or progestogens to increase the severity of clinical signs in diabetes mellitus?

Increased glucagon secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increased glucagon secretion in diabetes?

Mobilizing hepatic stores of glucose Signup and view all the answers

What may lead to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in dogs due to an ACTH-secreting tumor in Cushing Disease?

Release of growth hormone from mammary tissue Signup and view all the answers

What predisposes both dogs and cats to insulin resistance?

Obesity Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the pancreas in cases of chronic relapsing pancreatitis with progressive loss of both exocrine and endocrine cells?

Scattered areas of hemorrhage and necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What may result from selective degeneration and necrosis of β cells accompanied by infiltration of the islets by lymphocytes and macrophages?

Physical disruption of the β cell and insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

What contributes primarily to the development of ketoacidosis in diabetes?

Increased oxidation of fatty acids in the liver Signup and view all the answers