39 Questions
What is the initial treatment for cats diagnosed with diabetes mellitus?
Switching to a low-carbohydrate diet
Which diagnostic test can be helpful in distinguishing stress-induced hyperglycemia from diabetes in cats?
Measurement of fructosamine
What is the remission rate for cats with diabetes mellitus?
90%
In which group of dogs does spontaneous diabetes most commonly occur?
Middle-aged dogs
What is the initial dosage of detemir in dogs with poor glycemic control being given NPH or lente insulin?
0.1 U/kg, twice daily
Which insulin is associated with remission of diabetes and discontinuation of insulin therapy in 80%–90% of cases within the first 3–4 months of treatment in cats?
Glargine insulin
What is the initial dose of insulin glargine in newly diagnosed cats?
1–2 U/cat, twice daily
Which sulfonylurea stimulates the release of insulin from functional β cells in diabetic cats?
Glipizide
At what dose should glipizide be initially administered to cats in conjunction with dietary management?
2.5 mg/day
Which oral α-glucosidase inhibitor has been used in cats at a dose of 12.5–25 mg, twice a day, in conjunction with diet and/or insulin to control hyperglycemia?
Acarbose
What is the recommended therapy for correcting dehydration in cats with ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus?
Supplemental administration of appropriate electrolyte solutions
What is the initial dosage in the intermittent insulin regimen for treating ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus?
0.1 U/kg, IM
What should be added to the IV fluids during aggressive treatment with insulin to prevent rapid fall in blood glucose levels?
5% dextrose
What kind of insulin has been advocated for the management of ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus in cats?
Glargine insulin
What should be used to maintain serum electrolyte levels during treatment of ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus?
Appropriate electrolyte solutions
Which type of diet is associated with remission of diabetes and discontinuation of insulin therapy in cats?
High-protein, low-carbohydrate diets
What is a common clinical sign of diabetes mellitus in dogs?
Hepatomegaly
What is the main reason for the development of fatty liver in diabetic dogs and cats?
Increased fat mobilization from adipose tissue
What is the unique feature of cataract formation in dogs with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus?
Sorbitol pathway leading to glucose accumulation in the lens
Which extrapancreatic lesion associated with diabetes mellitus in people is rare in dogs and cats?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
What is the characteristic metabolic disturbance in diabetic ketoacidosis?
Dehydration and hypovolemia
How is diabetic ketoacidosis treated?
Rehydration and the use of short- and long-acting insulins
What characterizes the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in decompensated diabetes mellitus?
Serum glucose > 600 mg/dL and hyperosmolality > 320 mOsm/kg
What assists in differentiating between stress-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus?
Elevated serum fructosamine concentrations
What can help improve remission rates in cats with diabetes mellitus?
High-protein, low-carbohydrate diets
What is the normal fasting value for blood glucose in dogs and cats?
75–120 mg/dL
What percentage of diabetic patients are euthanized on day 1 of diagnosis?
Up to 25%
What is critical for long-term success in the treatment of diabetes mellitus?
Excellent client communication
What is the most common pancreatic lesion in many cats with diabetes?
Selective deposition of amyloid in islets
What may lead to physical disruption of the β cell and insulin resistance in cats with diabetes?
Selective deposition of amyloid
What is a potential cause of rapidly developing diabetes mellitus in people?
Infection with certain viruses
What is the primary cause of decreased insulin production and secretion in dogs and cats?
Destruction of islet cells
What enables stress, obesity, and administration of corticosteroids or progestogens to increase the severity of clinical signs in diabetes mellitus?
Increased glucagon secretion
What is the result of increased glucagon secretion in diabetes?
Mobilizing hepatic stores of glucose
What may lead to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in dogs due to an ACTH-secreting tumor in Cushing Disease?
Release of growth hormone from mammary tissue
What predisposes both dogs and cats to insulin resistance?
Obesity
What characterizes the pancreas in cases of chronic relapsing pancreatitis with progressive loss of both exocrine and endocrine cells?
Scattered areas of hemorrhage and necrosis
What may result from selective degeneration and necrosis of β cells accompanied by infiltration of the islets by lymphocytes and macrophages?
Physical disruption of the β cell and insulin resistance
What contributes primarily to the development of ketoacidosis in diabetes?
Increased oxidation of fatty acids in the liver
This quiz covers the clinical signs and complications of diabetes in dogs and cats, including hepatomegaly, lethargy, cataract formation, and diabetic neuropathy. It also discusses the slow progression of signs over time and the common occurrence of hepatomegaly due to lipid accumulation in diabetic pets.
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