Diabetes Overview and Types
72 Questions
101 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is insulin lipodystrophy?

Insulin lipodystrophy is a term for fatty masses that develop at injection sites if they were not rotated properly.

What happens if someone injects insulin, and then does not eat afterwards?

They are at risk for hypoglycemia.

What is Metformin (Glucophage)?

Metformin is a biguanide that reduces the production of glucose during digestion, helps reduce insulin resistance, and must be taken with meals.

What is the primary purpose of Sulfonylureas?

<p>To stimulate beta cells of the pancreas to secrete insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which insulin is typically given 30 minutes before meals?

<p>Regular-acting insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is polyphagia?

<p>Excessive hunger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person is at high risk for developing diabetes, what 2 diabetes tests can you assume their doctor will order?

<p>FPG and OGTT.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A urine sample comes in from a newly diagnosed diabetic patient/resident. What may be abnormal about the sample you receive? (Select all that apply)

<p>Odor (Sweet/fruity odor) (A), Ketone Bodies (B), Amount (Increased amount of urine/polyuria) (C), Glucose Levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diabetes?

<p>Diabetes is a disorder of the metabolism that develops when the pancreas doesn't make enough insulin or is unable to efficiently use insulin, or both.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is insulin?

<p>Insulin is a hormone that is secreted from the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is insulin important?

<p>Insulin regulates your blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 types of diabetes?

<p>Prediabetes, Type 1, Type 2, Gestational.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Prediabetes?

<p>Prediabetes is often diagnosed when blood glucose levels are higher than normal but are not high enough for a true diagnosis of diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Type 1 diabetes?

<p>Type 1 diabetes mostly occurs in children, teens or young adults and means that the pancreas produces little to no insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body is unable to use insulin properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gestational diabetes?

<p>Gestational diabetes only occurs during pregnancies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are risk factors for diabetes?

<p>Weight, diet, inactivity, age, family history/genetics, race or ethnicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are symptoms of diabetes?

<p>Frequent urination, increased thirst, unexplained weight loss or gain, dry, itchy skin, tingling or loss of feeling in the feet, fatigue, blurred vision, sores that do not heal properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'non-fasting' mean?

<p>Non-fasting describes someone who has eaten and drank as normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'fasting' mean?

<p>Fasting refers to not eating or drinking normally, often for medical reasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hyperglycemia/high blood sugar?

<p>Hyperglycemia occurs when there are high amounts of sugar in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypoglycemia/low blood sugar?

<p>Hypoglycemia occurs when there are low amounts of sugar in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stable diabetes?

<p>Stable diabetes means fasting blood sugars are consistently between $80mg/dL$ and $240mg/dL$ and below $180mg/dL$ two or more hours after eating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unstable diabetes?

<p>Unstable diabetes means fasting blood sugar results vary below $80mg/dL$ and/or above $140mg/dL$ over a six week period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 P's of diabetes?

<p>Polydipsia (excessive thirst), Polyphagia (excessive hunger), Polyuria (excessive urination).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is diabetes diagnosed?

<p>Diabetes is diagnosed using blood tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some commonly used tests for diabetes?

<p>A1C/Glycohemoglobin, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), Random Plasma Glucose (RPG).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the A1C/Glycohemoglobin test work?

<p>The A1C test reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past three months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) test work?

<p>The FPG test requires fasting for a minimum of 8 hours and detects Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) work?

<p>The OGTT requires fasting for 8 hours and drinking $75g$ of glucose dissolved in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Random Plasma Glucose (RPG) test work?

<p>The RPG test does not require fasting and is commonly used for diabetes diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Type 1 diabetes treated?

<p>Type 1 diabetes is treated with daily insulin therapy, healthy eating, and exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Type 2 diabetes treated?

<p>Type 2 diabetes is treated with prescription insulin or diabetes pills, along with healthy eating and exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes can be cured once diagnosed?

<p>Prediabetes, Type 2 diabetes (in special cases, particularly with weight loss), and gestational diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many types of insulin are there, and what are they?

<p>There are six types: Rapid-Acting Insulin, Short-Acting/Normal Insulin, Intermediate-Acting Insulin, Pre-mixed Insulin, Long-Acting Insulin, Ultra Long-Acting Insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'onset' mean in insulin administration?

<p>Onset refers to how quickly insulin lowers your blood sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'peak' mean in insulin administration?

<p>Peak refers to when insulin is at maximum strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'duration' mean in insulin administration?

<p>Duration refers to how long insulin works to lower your blood sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is important to remember about administering insulins?

<p>Different brands of insulin vary in appearance, onset, peak, duration, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a rapid-acting insulin?

<p>A rapid-acting insulin is the quickest form of insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a short/normal acting insulin?

<p>A short-acting insulin is clear in appearance and has an onset of $30$ minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an intermediate-acting insulin?

<p>An intermediate-acting insulin is cloudy in appearance and covers half a day or overnight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a long-acting insulin?

<p>A long-acting insulin covers insulin needs for almost a full day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Ultra Long-acting Insulin?

<p>An ultra long-acting insulin provides consistent insulin for long periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Pre-Mixed Insulin?

<p>A pre-mixed insulin is a combination of intermediate-acting and short-acting insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 main insulin distributors in the US?

<p>NovoNordisk, Sanofi, Eli Lilly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Sulfonylureas?

<p>Sulfonylureas help the pancreas release more insulin to lower blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Biguanides?

<p>Biguanides reduce glucose production during digestion and help reduce insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Thiazolidinediones?

<p>Thiazolidinediones lower insulin resistance and help the body use insulin better.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors?

<p>Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors prevent the digestion of carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Meglitinides?

<p>Meglitinides stimulate the pancreas to release insulin after meals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors?

<p>Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors lower high blood glucose levels in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a combination med that has a mix of 2 or more medication types?

<p>Avandamet, Glucovance, Metaglip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to rotate insulin injection sites?

<p>Frequent use of the same spot can cause tissue changes that interfere with insulin absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ketoacidosis?

<p>Ketoacidosis occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones, often seen in Type 1 diabetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is insulin resistance?

<p>Insulin resistance means that the body's cells do not respond normally to insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is insulin shock?

<p>Insulin shock is when there is too much insulin in your blood, leading to hypoglycemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Ketosis?

<p>Ketosis is a metabolic state when the body lacks sufficient glycogen from carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Diaphoresis?

<p>Diaphoresis is triggered by a hypoglycemic reaction activating the body's fight-or-flight response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of peripheral arterial circulation?

<p>Absence of a pulse or a weak pulse in the legs or feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NPH (Humulin N)?

<p>NPH is an intermediate-acting insulin with specific onset, peak, and duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intermediate-acting insulins have a duration of?

<p>14-18 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

You go into a diabetic resident/patient's room to find they have not eaten their snack. What do you do?

<p>Check for signs of hypoglycemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Somogyi Effect?

<p>The Somogyi Effect occurs if a patient is given excess or ill-timed insulin or has missed a meal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an insulin pump work?

<p>An insulin pump provides a small constant dose of insulin throughout the day and allows for additional self-administered doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Dawn Phenomenon?

<p>The Dawn Phenomenon describes an abnormal early-morning increase in blood sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a negative effect of using Prednisone (Deltasone)?

<p>Prednisone may decrease the effect of oral hypoglycemics, insulin, diuretics, and potassium supplements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What insulin type is Toujeo?

<p>Toujeo is an ultra long-acting insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of insulin is Lispro?

<p>Lispro is a rapid-acting insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of insulin is Humulin R?

<p>Humulin R is a regular/fast-acting insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a DiaBeta (Glyburide)?

<p>DiaBeta is an anti-diabetic medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some chronic complications associated with diabetes?

<p>Chronic complications can include cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, kidney damage, eye issues, and foot problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diabetes Overview

  • Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by insufficient insulin production or ineffective insulin use.
  • Four primary types of diabetes: Prediabetes, Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational.

Insulin Function

  • Insulin is produced by the pancreas and converts carbohydrates and sugars into glucose for energy.
  • It regulates blood sugar levels, playing a crucial role in metabolism.

Prediabetes and Diabetes Types

  • Prediabetes: Higher than normal blood glucose levels but not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis; lifestyle changes can prevent Type 2 diabetes.
  • Type 1 Diabetes: Typically diagnosed in children and young adults; involves little to no insulin production.
  • Type 2 Diabetes: Occurs across all ages; characterized by the body's inability to use insulin properly.
  • Gestational Diabetes: Happens during pregnancy; usually resolves postpartum but increases future Type 2 diabetes risk.

Risk Factors and Symptoms

  • Common risk factors include overweight status, diet (high sugar and fat), inactivity, age (especially >45), family history, and ethnicity.
  • Symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, increased thirst, rapid weight changes, blurred vision, fatigue, and slow healing sores.

Blood Sugar Levels

  • Hyperglycemia: Elevated blood sugar levels (over 140 mg/dL fasting, over 180 mg/dL non-fasting); symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision, and weight loss.
  • Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar (below 70 mg/dL); symptoms include shakiness, dizziness, confusion, and can lead to severe complications.

Diagnosis and Testing

  • Diabetes diagnosis typically uses blood tests, including A1C, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), and Random Plasma Glucose (RPG).
  • A1C test reflects average blood glucose over three months without the need for fasting.

Treatment Approaches

  • Type 1 Diabetes: Managed with daily insulin therapy, a balanced diet, and regular monitoring.
  • Type 2 Diabetes: Treated with medications (insulin or pills), exercise, and dietary changes.
  • Prediabetes: Often reversible through lifestyle modifications.

Insulin Types and Administration

  • Types of Insulin: Include Rapid-Acting, Short-Acting, Intermediate-Acting, Long-Acting, Ultra Long-Acting, and Pre-Mixed.
  • Key parameters for insulin:
    • Onset: Time until insulin starts lowering blood sugar.
    • Peak: Time at which insulin reaches maximum strength.
    • Duration: Length of time insulin remains effective.
  • Importance of rotating injection sites to prevent lipodystrophy and ensure consistent absorption.

Medications and Complications

  • Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin production, while Biguanides (like Metformin) reduce glucose production and increase insulin sensitivity.
  • Chronic complications from diabetes can include retinopathy, neuropathy, and coronary artery disease.
  • Insulin shock results from excessive insulin leading to hypoglycemia, which can be life-threatening.
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious condition in Type 1 diabetics resulting from high ketone levels.

Monitoring and Lifestyle Guidelines

  • Regular glucose monitoring is essential for all diabetes types.
  • Diet, exercise, and weight management are critical in controlling and preventing diabetes, especially for at-risk populations.

Behavioral Considerations

  • Recognize the effects of stress, illness, or irregular meal patterns on blood sugar levels.
  • Encourage consistent dietary habits and prompt reporting of any changes in symptoms or insulin needs.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Explore the various types of diabetes including Prediabetes, Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational diabetes. Learn about insulin's role in metabolism and how it affects blood sugar levels. Understand risk factors and symptoms related to diabetes.

More Like This

Diabetes and Hormonal Regulation
13 questions

Diabetes and Hormonal Regulation

GoldChupacabra avatar
GoldChupacabra
Diabetes Overview and Types
41 questions

Diabetes Overview and Types

ProfoundCantor avatar
ProfoundCantor
Diabetes Overview: Insulin and Types
32 questions

Diabetes Overview: Insulin and Types

IngenuousFortWorth avatar
IngenuousFortWorth
Nutrition and Metabolism Quiz
48 questions

Nutrition and Metabolism Quiz

EffectiveWave2838 avatar
EffectiveWave2838
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser