Developmental Psychology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

In the context of cognitive development, which of the following best describes the function of the corpus callosum?

  • Regulating emotions and processing memories
  • Facilitating language development and comprehension
  • Interconnecting the left and right brain hemispheres for communication (correct)
  • Controlling voluntary movements and balance

    • When a researcher is interested in studying the influence of genes on a specific trait, which term from the text refers to this concept?

  • Phenotype
  • Genotype
  • Reaction range
  • Heritability (correct)

    • According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which of the following factors plays a significant role in children's learning?

  • Emotional development and self-regulation
  • Brain maturation and instincts
  • Collaboration with others and social interactions (correct)
  • Isolated study and individual reflection

    • Which type of prenatal testing involves analyzing a small amount of tissue to detect chromosomal abnormalities?

    <p>Chorionic villus sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Apgar test administered to newborn babies primarily assesses their:

    <p>Immediate health status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering a longitudinal research design, what aspect distinguishes it from other research designs?

    <p>Studying the same group over an extended period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes that development is influenced by unconscious thoughts?

    <p>Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term best describes Jose's ability to recover and walk 10 miles a week after participating in physical therapy following his stroke?

    <p>Plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies positive reinforcement?

    <p>A toddler receives a sticker each time she uses the toilet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example demonstrates discontinuous change?

    <p>An adolescent experiencing puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Observational learning is emphasized in which psychological theory?

    <p>Social learning theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, what do your family, peers, and school collectively represent?

    <p>Mesosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflex is Anna demonstrating when she throws her arms out, arches her back, and brings her arms back together?

    <p>Moro reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maria, in the experiment with the clay balls, demonstrates an understanding of:

    <p>Object constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driving force that propels a child to move through Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

    <p>The drive for cognitive disequilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive stage involves repeating actions that involve body parts because they are joyful?

    <p>Primary circular reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of thinking involves viewing knowledge and accounts as either right or wrong?

    <p>Dualistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is not consistent with the information processing system view?

    <p>Information is stored in schemas for quick retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes continuous development from discontinuous development in human growth?

    <p>Continuous development refers to slow and gradual change, while discontinuous development involves abrupt changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents an age-graded influence on human development?

    <p>A generation being impacted by a major war in their childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does developmental science differ from other disciplines when studying human growth?

    <p>It integrates contributions from various fields to understand human growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between cohort and non-normative life influences?

    <p>Cohort influences are events that affect everyone in a generation, while non-normative influences are unique to individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of human development, what does Siegler's reference to 'abrupt change' imply?

    <p>'Abrupt change' denotes quick and distinct developmental shifts at certain stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best captures the essence of multidisciplinary developmental science?

    <p>Developmental science integrates knowledge from various fields to study human growth comprehensively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the role of inner drives and unconscious impulses in shaping behavior and development?

    <p>Psychoanalytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of behaviorism?

    <p>Observable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which learning process involves associating a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response?

    <p>Classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Freud's Psychosexual Theory, which stage occurs during the period from 3 years to 6 years of age?

    <p>Phallic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erikson's Psychosocial Theory emphasizes the role of which factors in shaping development?

    <p>Social world and culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective focuses on explaining how different factors interact to influence development - nature through genetic endowments and nurture through the environment?

    <p>Interactionist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of development emphasizes the role of unconscious thoughts?

    <p>Cognitive Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning is highlighted in evolutionary theories of development?

    <p>Instinctual learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of research methods, what distinguishes longitudinal research designs from other designs?

    <p>Observation of a single group over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method focuses on directly observing and recording behaviors in real-life settings?

    <p>Naturalistic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Darwinian natural selection from other evolutionary theories of development?

    <p>Emphasis on inherited traits that enhance survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of developmental psychology research methods involves studying changes in behavior over time?

    <p>Longitudinal studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a research study focused on the association between spatial processing and arithmetic, which type of research design would be most appropriate?

    <p>Correlational Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design involves manipulating an independent variable to determine its effect on a dependent variable?

    <p>Experimental Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When designing a research study to test the association between spatial processing and arithmetic, what is the purpose of having a control group?

    <p>To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cognitive development involves repeating actions involving body parts because they are joyful, according to Piaget's theory?

    <p>Sensorimotor stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of human development, which theoretical perspective emphasizes the role of inner drives and unconscious impulses?

    <p>Psychoanalytic Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes longitudinal research design from other research designs?

    <p>It involves observation of the same subjects over a long period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory, individuals are embedded in a series of contexts. Which of the following best represents one of these contexts?

    <p>Socioeconomic status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethology & Evolutionary Developmental Theory applies principles of evolution to understand development. What role does Darwinian natural selection play in this theory?

    <p>Determining genetic traits passed on to the next generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of human development, what is the primary goal of creating a study guide to compare and contrast different theoretical perspectives such as Psychoanalysis, Behavioral, and Cognitive theories?

    <p>Highlighting similarities and differences in assumptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When studying the influence of genetics on a specific trait, which research design would be most suitable to determine causal relationships?

    <p>Experimental design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the interaction between genetics and the social environment in influencing human development according to Ethology & Evolutionary Developmental Theory?

    <p>Genetics and biology interact with the physical and social environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a longitudinal research design from other research designs when studying human development?

    <p>Tracks the same individuals over an extended period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of a longitudinal research design when studying human development?

    <p>Examine changes within individuals over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of research designs for human development, what is a major limitation of cross-sectional studies?

    <p>Participant attrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best captures the essence of a sequential research design when studying human development?

    <p>Combines longitudinal and cross-sectional designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a cohort-sequential research design from traditional longitudinal or cross-sectional designs?

    <p>Examines different age groups at multiple time points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In developmental research, what is a common challenge faced when using a cross-sectional design?

    <p>Difficulty tracking individual changes over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are cohort effects particularly problematic in cross-sectional studies of human development?

    <p>They confound age differences with cohort differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between sequential and cross-sectional research designs?

    <p>Sequential examines changes within individuals over time, while cross-sectional examines changes between participants of different ages at the same time point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of data collection methods, what distinguishes self-report from observational methods?

    <p>Self-report collects information based on watching and monitoring people's behavior, while observational methods involve participants answering questions about their experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Diffusion Tensor Imaging measure in the brain?

    <p>Location and orientation of white matter tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain imaging method focuses on measuring anatomical and functional brain changes?

    <p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) measure in the brain?

    <p>Oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data does computer paradigms in data collection methods focus on?

    <p>Response times and accuracy rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period of development does the appearance of bone and rapid growth occur?

    <p>Fetal Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trimester of pregnancy is associated with the growth of lanugo and vernix caseosa?

    <p>Second trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the differentiation of stem cells into the neural tube?

    <p>Neuron production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of development involves growth from the midline outward?

    <p>Proximodistal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious outcome can result from defects during the period of cell division into layers?

    <p>Miscarriage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain imaging method focuses on measuring brain function by detecting the different light absorptive properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin?

    <p>Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which prenatal developmental period does the formation of all organs and major body systems occur?

    <p>Embryonic Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a zygote marks the formation of a protective circle around an inner cell cluster from which the embryo will develop?

    <p>Blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain imaging method employs a technique to estimate the location and orientation of white matter tracts by measuring water molecule diffusion?

    <p>Diffusion Tensor Imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Electroencephalography (EEG) in brain imaging methods?

    <p>Recording electrical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period of prenatal development marks the time when a zygote travels down the fallopian tube towards the uterus, beginning cell division?

    <p>Germinal Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gene-environment correlation is exemplified in the scenario where Marcus, age 14, chose to take honors classes and subsequently increased his IQ?

    <p>Active gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scenario with Keisha and her son Marcus, what type of gene-environment correlation is likely at play when Keisha's mood affects her interactions with Marcus, potentially predisposing him to later mood or behavior problems?

    <p>Evocative gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene-environment correlation is showcased in the scenario where Keisha's mood and stress level affect her interactions with her child Marcus?

    <p>Evocative gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an individual's genes influence their selective attention to different aspects of the environment, what type of gene-environment correlation is at play?

    <p>Active gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gene-environment correlation is primarily seen in the scenario where Marcus, age 18, not only has natural gifts but also worked hard in high school to excel?

    <p>Active gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the provided scenarios, which type of gene-environment correlation is most evident when an individual's genes influence their behavior, which in turn modifies the environment?

    <p>Evocative gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gene-environment correlation is characterized by an individual's genes correlating with their early environment?

    <p>Passive GE-Correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gene-environment correlations, which type involves an individual's genes influencing the way others respond to them?

    <p>Evocative GE-Correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gene-environment correlation is characterized by an individual's genes influencing the way that others respond to them?

    <p>Evocative GE-Correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an individual's genes will not correlate with their early environment, what type of gene-environment correlation is being described?

    <p>Active GE-Correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gene-environment correlation involves an individual's environment affecting gene expression?

    <p>Epigenetic GE-Correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gene-environment correlation is characterized by an individual's environment affecting gene expression?

    <p>Epigenetic GE-Correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of gene-environment correlation, which type is described when an individual's active choices align with their genetic predispositions?

    <p>Active gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the phenomenon where a child's genetically influenced behavior evokes certain responses from the environment?

    <p>Evocative gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a child inherits genetic tendencies for aggressiveness and is raised in a family with hostile interactions, what type of gene-environment correlation is observed?

    <p>Evocative gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gene-environment correlation occurs when parents provide environments that are influenced by their own heritable traits?

    <p>Passive gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a child with a genetic propensity for musical talent seeks out music lessons, what type of gene-environment correlation is at play?

    <p>Active gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a genetically predisposed introverted child consistently seeks out solitary activities, what type of gene-environment correlation is exemplified?

    <p>Evocative gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the wide range of potential expressions of a genetic trait depending on environmental opportunities and constraints?

    <p>Range of Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept in gene-environment interactions involves heredity narrowing the range of development to only one or a few outcomes?

    <p>Canalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the provided examples, a child who is shy and chooses environments that match their genes may end up in situations where they don't interact with people. This is an illustration of:

    <p>Active gene-environment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to the genetic susceptibility to the environment in gene-environment interactions?

    <p>GxE Interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When discussing gene-environment interplay, what term describes the phenomenon where a child's genetically influenced behavior evokes certain responses from the environment?

    <p>Evocative interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gene-environment interactions, what do Caspi et al., 2002, Science primarily focus on?

    <p>GxE Interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of GxE interactions, when a phenotype shows no effect of gene or environment, which combination of genotype and environment would likely be observed?

    <p>Genotype1 with Environment1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best represents a GxE interaction where there is an effect of the gene but not the environment on the phenotype?

    <p>Phenotype showing an effect of Gene G1 in Environment E1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the Epigenetic Framework as mentioned in the text?

    <p>It involves reciprocal interactions between genetic factors and environmental influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering Gene-Environment Interactions, which situation showcases an effect of both gene and phenotype but not the environment?

    <p>Phenotype and Gene showing effects, Environment having no impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text provided, what characterizes an example of Gene-Environment Interactions where there is a significant interaction between gene and environment?

    <p>Phenotype being jointly influenced by genes and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the Epigenetic Framework emphasize in relation to developmental outcomes?

    <p>Ongoing reciprocal interactions between genetic and environmental influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glial cells in brain development?

    <p>Provide nourishment to neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brain plasticity refers to the brain's ability to change in response to specific environmental input or experiences?

    <p>Experience-Dependent Brain Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

    <p>Occipital Lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which developmental period does the brain experience major growth with neurons and glial cells enlarging?

    <p>Brain Development in Infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do socioeconomic status (SES) and brain measures correlate across development according to the text?

    <p>SES correlates positively with brain measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes the ability of the brain to adapt its structure and function in response to environmental stimuli?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the brain making more connections than it needs and then eliminating unused neural connections?

    <p>Transient exuberance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process of the brain hemispheres specializing in carrying out different functions?

    <p>Lateralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of brain development does puberty trigger increases in synaptogenesis and myelination?

    <p>Adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is primarily responsible for emotional processing?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where glial cells produce and coat axons of neurons with fatty myelin to speed up neural transmission?

    <p>Myelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the decrease in response to a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure in infants?

    <p>Habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sensory capability develops before birth, allowing infants to experience pain?

    <p>Touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do newborns typically reach adult-level color vision?

    <p>Between 6 months and 1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory ability is well developed at birth, enabling infants to differentiate between certain stimuli?

    <p>Smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of perception allows infants to perceive the distance of objects from each other and from themselves?

    <p>Depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age-related sensory change is directly related to a deterioration of ear structures?

    <p>Presbycusis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of developmental psychology, when does vision typically reach adult level in infants?

    <p>6 months old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory system is involved in intermodal perception, where information from different senses is combined to understand the world?

    <p>Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best characterizes the Preferential Looking Paradigm in studying perception in infants?

    <p>Focuses on visual attention and discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sense, critical for early learning, leads to the loss of central vision in older adults due to the degeneration of cells in the retina?

    <p>Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sense is most well-developed at birth according to the text?

    <p>Hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sensory change in adulthood is characterized by the inability to focus the lens on close objects?

    <p>Presbyopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is responsible for controlling the body's position in space?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motor skill tends to decline with age according to the provided text?

    <p>Balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Libertus et al., 2015, what are two key aspects that influence motor development through practice?

    <p>Visual engagement and social interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes fine motor development?

    <p>Ability to grasp and reach with fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does motor development reflect interactions according to the text?

    <p>Among developmental domains, maturation, and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do motor skills typically change as individuals age?

    <p>Stagnate after early adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Perspective, what concept refers to the balance between assimilation and accommodation?

    <p>Cognitive equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of Piaget's cognitive development do infants repeat actions involving body parts that produce pleasurable or interesting results?

    <p>Primary circular reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skill is developed when infants purposefully coordinate two secondary circular reactions and apply them in new situations to achieve a goal?

    <p>Coordination of secondary circular reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive milestone involves understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not in the infant's sensory awareness?

    <p>Object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Secondary Circular Reactions from Primary Circular Reactions in Piaget's Sensorimotor Substages?

    <p>Triggers responses in external environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in Piaget's cognitive development involves thinking about an object using mental pictures?

    <p>Mental Representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Piaget's Substage 5 of Sensorimotor development?

    <p>Active, purposeful, trial-and-error exploration for new discoveries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget's Sensorimotor Reasoning Stage, what is an A-not-B error?

    <p>Looking for a toy in the first place it was hidden even after seeing it moved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core idea of Core Knowledge Perspective?

    <p>Infants have innate knowledge systems enabling rapid learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Piaget's Sensorimotor Reasoning Stage, what are Violation-of-Expectation Tasks?

    <p>Situations where a stimulus appears to violate physical laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Substage 6 of Piaget's Sensorimotor development?

    <p>Ability to use symbols like words and mental pictures for representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes that infants are born with innate knowledge systems enabling early rapid learning?

    <p>Core Knowledge Perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive ability in Middle Childhood involves ordering objects in a series based on a physical dimension?

    <p>Seriation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the beginning of Formal Operational Reasoning in Adolescence?

    <p>Hypothetical-deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge many adults face in adolescence based on the text?

    <p>Performing hypothetical-deductive tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following abilities emerges around 11 years of age in adolescents?

    <p>Ability to think abstractly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Concrete Operational Reasoning from Formal Operational Reasoning?

    <p>Hypothetical thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive change occurs during early childhood according to the text?

    <p>Development of symbolic thinking allowing language use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of egocentrism in young children?

    <p>Tendency to focus on one part of a stimulus or situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'animism' refer to in the context of early childhood reasoning?

    <p>Belief that inanimate objects are alive and have feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the appearance-reality distinction task for preoperational children?

    <p>Differentiating what appears to be from what something truly is</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive milestone characterizes middle childhood reasoning?

    <p>Gaining capacity to use logic for problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'conservation' entail in cognitive development during middle childhood?

    <p>Understanding that quantity remains unchanged despite appearance changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective mentioned in the text?

    <p>Failure to address underlying cognitive capacities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky, what does the Zone of Proximal Development represent?

    <p>The difference between what a child can do alone and with assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term in cognitive development refers to the capacity to integrate positive and negative feelings about complex issues?

    <p>Cognitive Affective Complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of teaching involves a partner attuned to a child's needs, aiding them beyond their solo capabilities?

    <p>Guided Participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cognitive development, what is the function of scaffolding?

    <p>Allowing the child to surpass their current competence level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of cognitive development involves the use of logic to solve everyday problems?

    <p>&quot;Pragmatic Thought&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach suggests that cognitive development arises through interactions between children and other people who help them acquire skills valued by their culture?

    <p>Sociocultural Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Piaget's theories understate about the contribution of the social world to cognitive development?

    <p>The impact of culture on thinking patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept characterizes thinking as more consistent than it actually is, according to the information provided?

    <p>Piaget's Stage Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective emphasize in terms of guiding children's cognitive development?

    <p>Scaffolding and Guided Participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a criticism of Piaget's theories regarding infants and young children?

    <p>Underestimating children's cognitive abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept from Vygotsky's theory suggests that social experiences play a crucial role in shaping a child's cognitive abilities?

    <p>Guided Participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Central Executive in the Information Processing System?

    <p>Regulate attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive activity is NOT considered an Executive Function according to the text?

    <p>Long-term memory encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Working Memory tasks that adults outperform children on?

    <p>Simultaneously holding and manipulating information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of memory strategies, what do children become better at across childhood?

    <p>Selecting and using cognitive strategies effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a cognitive strategy of 'rehearsal' in memory strategies?

    <p>Repeating information to aid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain activity changes with age during working memory tasks, according to Kwon et al., 2002?

    <p>Front-back changes only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory involves the ability to recognize a stimulus one has encountered before?

    <p>Recognition Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Central Executive play in the information processing system?

    <p>Regulates attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of memory would a child store descriptions of what occurs in a particular situation?

    <p>Memory for Scripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Cerebellum in relation to memory processing?

    <p>Controls long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory involves remembering personally meaningful events at specific times and places?

    <p>Autobiographical Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sleep contribute to memory and learning according to the text?

    <p>Affects gray matter development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of executive function in childhood involves selectively attending to specific information and ignoring irrelevant information?

    <p>Inhibitory control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did exposure to formal education impact the performance of 5-to-6-year-old children on EF tasks according to Brod et al., 2017?

    <p>Improved performance on EF tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neural system was highlighted as improving with formal education in the study by Brod et al., 2017?

    <p>Central Executive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the Hearts and Flowers EF Task used in the study by Brod et al., 2017?

    <p>Executive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tasks require the Central Executive system to coordinate performance according to the text?

    <p>Tasks involving problem-solving and decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of knowledge structures in childhood, what is a key function of the Central Executive system?

    <p>Coordinating various cognitive tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sociocultural theories differ from Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development?

    <p>Sociocultural theories emphasize the role of social interactions and cultural influences, while Piaget's theory focuses on individual cognitive development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Central Executive in the information processing system?

    <p>Regulating attention and combining information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Selective Attention in the context of information processing?

    <p>Deploying attention systematically to focus on relevant information and ignore distractors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Information Processing, what is a key aspect of Executive Functions?

    <p>Engaging in cognitive activities involving working memory, inhibitory control, and attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What milestones are typically seen in Attention development according to Richards et al., 2010?

    <p>Gains in attention by 10 weeks with continued improvement over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges do young children typically face with Selective Attention?

    <p>Struggling to systematically deploy attention on relevant information while ignoring distractors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Development

    • The corpus callosum plays a crucial role in integrating information from both sides of the brain.

    Research Methods

    • Longitudinal research design involves studying changes in behavior over time.
    • A researcher interested in studying the influence of genes on a specific trait would use the concept of heritability.
    • Observational learning is emphasized in the social learning theory.
    • Developmental science differs from other disciplines in its focus on human growth and development.

    Theories of Development

    • Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes the role of social interaction in shaping children's learning.
    • Piaget's theory emphasizes that the main driving force behind a child's movement through the four stages of cognitive development is the child's innate curiosity.
    • Freud's Psychosexual Theory emphasizes the role of unconscious thoughts and inner drives in shaping behavior and development.
    • Erikson's Psychosocial Theory emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors in shaping development.
    • Behavioral theory focuses on explaining how behavior is learned through interactions with the environment.
    • Evolutionary theories of development emphasize the role of adaptation and natural selection in shaping human development.

    Human Development

    • According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem collectively represent the environment in which human development occurs.
    • The Apgar test assesses a newborn's overall health and well-being.
    • Chorionic villus sampling is a type of prenatal testing that involves analyzing a small amount of tissue to detect chromosomal abnormalities.
    • Anna's reflex of throwing her arms out, arching her back, and bringing her arms back together demonstrates the Moro reflex.

    Brain Development

    • Diffusion Tensor Imaging measures the integrity of white matter tracts in the brain.
    • Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) measures changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in the brain.
    • Electroencephalography (EEG) measures the electrical activity of the brain.

    Gene-Environment Correlations

    • The gene-environment correlation is exemplified when Marcus, age 14, chooses to take honors classes and subsequently increases his IQ.
    • Passive gene-environment correlation is characterized by an individual's genes correlating with their early environment.
    • Evocative gene-environment correlation involves an individual's genes influencing the way others respond to them.
    • Active gene-environment correlation is described when an individual's active choices align with their genetic predispositions.
    • Reactive gene-environment correlation occurs when an individual's environment affects gene expression.

    Gene-Environment Interactions

    • The concept of epigenetics refers to the genetic susceptibility to the environment.
    • The Epigenetic Framework focuses on the interplay between genes and environment in shaping development.
    • Gene-Environment Interactions (GxE) occur when there is a significant interaction between gene and environment on the phenotype.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge in developmental psychology with questions on systems (microsystem, macrosystem), research designs (cross-sectional, longitudinal), genetic influences (genotype, heritability), and newborn assessments.

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