week3_lect2_braindevelopment_jan24.pdf

Brain Development Chapter 4: Brain, Perception, & Motor Development Week 3, Lecture 2, January 24, 2024 Brain Development: Neurons Receptors receive chemical messages from other neurons Gaps between neurons Carries electrical signal Protects axons & allows for quick & efficient signal transmission G...

Brain Development Chapter 4: Brain, Perception, & Motor Development Week 3, Lecture 2, January 24, 2024 Brain Development: Neurons Receptors receive chemical messages from other neurons Gaps between neurons Carries electrical signal Protects axons & allows for quick & efficient signal transmission Glial Cells: provide nourishment to neurons 2 Retrieval Practice 11 2 3 7 8 5 4 6 9 3 Brain Development: Neurons Receptors receive chemical messages from other neurons Gaps between neurons Carries electrical signal Protects axons & allows for quick & efficient signal transmission Glial Cells: provide nourishment to neurons 4 The cerebral cortex: Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe 5 Brain Plasticity Ability of brain to change or adapt its structure & function in response to environment 6 Experience – Expectant Experience – Dependent Experience-Expectant Brain Development Brain depends on experience to develop normally Bedny et a., 2015, J of Neuroscience 7 Experience-Dependent Brain Development Growth in brain in response to learning experiences 8 Individual differences in brain development: Effects of poverty Socioeconomic status (SES) correlates with brain measures across development SES does NOT determine brain development www.ted.com/talks/kimberly_noble_how_does _income_affect_childhood_brain_development ?language=en Baby’s first years https://www.babysfirstyears.com Noble et al., 2015, Nature Neuroscience 9 Brain Development in Infancy Time of major growth in brain Neurons and glial cells enlarge. Increase in number of synapses Synaptogenesis: formation of new synapses Transient exuberance: brain makes more connections than it needs Synaptic pruning: loss of unused neural connections 10 Brain Development in Childhood Myelination: glial cells produce and coat axons of neurons with fatty myelin Speeds neural transmission Lateralization: process of brain hemispheres becoming specialized to carry out different functions Growth of corpus callosum (neural fibers that connect the two hemispheres) 12 Brain Development in Adolescence Puberty triggers neurological developments. Increases in synaptogenesis & myelination Synaptic pruning leads to decreases in gray matter Structural Brain Development 14 Brain Development in Adolescence Limbic System: Emotional processing Prefrontal Cortex: Executive functions & decision making 15 Mismatch Model of Adolescent Brain Development Next class….. Sensation and perception 17