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Questions and Answers
What is the primary process by which young children incorporate new information into their existing schemas?
What is the primary process by which young children incorporate new information into their existing schemas?
Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects?
Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects?
At what stage do children supposedly develop object permanence according to Piaget's theory?
At what stage do children supposedly develop object permanence according to Piaget's theory?
Which cognitive skill is typically first developed during the Preoperational Stage?
Which cognitive skill is typically first developed during the Preoperational Stage?
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What is a key characteristic of the Formal Operational Stage according to Piaget?
What is a key characteristic of the Formal Operational Stage according to Piaget?
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What transformation occurs in schemas as children develop biologically?
What transformation occurs in schemas as children develop biologically?
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Which of the following statements about Piaget's theory of cognitive development is NOT accurate?
Which of the following statements about Piaget's theory of cognitive development is NOT accurate?
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During which period does Piaget suggest that infants primarily learn through sensory and motor contact?
During which period does Piaget suggest that infants primarily learn through sensory and motor contact?
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What was the main conclusion drawn by Harry Harlow regarding the impact of contact comfort on young monkeys?
What was the main conclusion drawn by Harry Harlow regarding the impact of contact comfort on young monkeys?
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Which theorist is associated with the idea that all knowledge is derived from experience?
Which theorist is associated with the idea that all knowledge is derived from experience?
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What adverse outcomes are associated with emotional neglect during infancy?
What adverse outcomes are associated with emotional neglect during infancy?
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In Bowlby and Ainsworth's attachment theory, what is developed by the child during the critical period of attachment?
In Bowlby and Ainsworth's attachment theory, what is developed by the child during the critical period of attachment?
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What behavioral response did monkeys exhibit when placed in an unfamiliar environment without their cloth mother?
What behavioral response did monkeys exhibit when placed in an unfamiliar environment without their cloth mother?
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Which of the following best describes nativism in the context of knowledge acquisition?
Which of the following best describes nativism in the context of knowledge acquisition?
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Which of the following statements reflects Harry Harlow's findings about the importance of attachment during infancy?
Which of the following statements reflects Harry Harlow's findings about the importance of attachment during infancy?
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Which characteristic was notably observed in monkeys raised only with a wire mother according to Harlow's studies?
Which characteristic was notably observed in monkeys raised only with a wire mother according to Harlow's studies?
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What type of attachment style develops from a caregiver who is attentive to the child’s needs?
What type of attachment style develops from a caregiver who is attentive to the child’s needs?
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Which attachment style is characterized by a child's clinginess and insecurity due to inconsistent caregiver attention?
Which attachment style is characterized by a child's clinginess and insecurity due to inconsistent caregiver attention?
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How do children with avoidant attachment typically respond to their caregivers?
How do children with avoidant attachment typically respond to their caregivers?
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What percentage of individuals typically exhibits secure attachment styles?
What percentage of individuals typically exhibits secure attachment styles?
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What is the primary observation made during the 'Strange Situation' that determines attachment style?
What is the primary observation made during the 'Strange Situation' that determines attachment style?
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Which statement accurately describes ambivalent attachment?
Which statement accurately describes ambivalent attachment?
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Which attachment style is likely to result in distant and rigid relationships?
Which attachment style is likely to result in distant and rigid relationships?
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What emotional effects can arise from a caregiver being consistently attentive to a child's needs?
What emotional effects can arise from a caregiver being consistently attentive to a child's needs?
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What is the primary focus of moral reasoning in the Preconventional Stage of Kohlberg’s Theory?
What is the primary focus of moral reasoning in the Preconventional Stage of Kohlberg’s Theory?
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At what stage does an individual begin to form moral judgments based on social norms and rules set by parents, according to Kohlberg?
At what stage does an individual begin to form moral judgments based on social norms and rules set by parents, according to Kohlberg?
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Which behavior is associated with a lower risk of psychological difficulties according to the content?
Which behavior is associated with a lower risk of psychological difficulties according to the content?
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What principle best characterizes moral reasoning in the Postconventional Stage?
What principle best characterizes moral reasoning in the Postconventional Stage?
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Which of the following coping mechanisms can lead to long-term health issues?
Which of the following coping mechanisms can lead to long-term health issues?
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What behavior is typically observed in a child with a secure attachment when the caregiver leaves the room?
What behavior is typically observed in a child with a secure attachment when the caregiver leaves the room?
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Which response characterizes a child with an ambivalent attachment style during the reunion phase with their caregiver?
Which response characterizes a child with an ambivalent attachment style during the reunion phase with their caregiver?
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Which of the following traits is commonly associated with children who display avoidant attachment?
Which of the following traits is commonly associated with children who display avoidant attachment?
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What outcome is a child with secure attachment more likely to achieve in adulthood?
What outcome is a child with secure attachment more likely to achieve in adulthood?
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Children displaying avoidant behavior with a stranger are most likely to exhibit which of the following actions?
Children displaying avoidant behavior with a stranger are most likely to exhibit which of the following actions?
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What is a likely emotional response of a child with ambivalent attachment to situations where their caregiver is absent?
What is a likely emotional response of a child with ambivalent attachment to situations where their caregiver is absent?
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Which of the following behaviors is NOT typical for securely attached children during the caregiver's absence?
Which of the following behaviors is NOT typical for securely attached children during the caregiver's absence?
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A child exhibiting challenges such as emotional dysregulation and interpersonal conflicts in adulthood is most likely associated with which attachment style?
A child exhibiting challenges such as emotional dysregulation and interpersonal conflicts in adulthood is most likely associated with which attachment style?
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What does Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory emphasize about moral decision-making?
What does Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory emphasize about moral decision-making?
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In the context of the Trolley Dilemma, what factor influences the significant difference in moral decisions?
In the context of the Trolley Dilemma, what factor influences the significant difference in moral decisions?
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What evidence suggests that infants possess an innate moral sense?
What evidence suggests that infants possess an innate moral sense?
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How do nativism and empiricism differ in understanding moral development?
How do nativism and empiricism differ in understanding moral development?
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What role do 'top-down' processes play in moral development according to the discussed theories?
What role do 'top-down' processes play in moral development according to the discussed theories?
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Which aspect of morality does the social intuitionist theory particularly focus on?
Which aspect of morality does the social intuitionist theory particularly focus on?
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Which of the following statements accurately reflects Haidt's perspective on moral judgment?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects Haidt's perspective on moral judgment?
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What is a critical conclusion drawn from the interplay of nature and nurture in moral development?
What is a critical conclusion drawn from the interplay of nature and nurture in moral development?
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology Overview
- Developmental psychology is the scientific study of changes and continuities in human behavior across the lifespan.
- Many psychological traits, including social, emotional, cognitive styles, personality, and susceptibility to mental illness, originate in early development.
- Traditionally, developmental psychologists focused on infant and child development, but now there's more emphasis on lifespan development ("womb to tomb").
Freud's Influence
- Freud argued that our psyche (mind) originates in early childhood.
- He emphasized the crucial role of caregiver-child interactions in shaping personality and behavior.
- Freud believed that a person's fundamental personality and behavior were established by age five.
Questions Developmental Psychologists Ask
- How do prenatal experiences affect brain development and later behavior?
- What knowledge do infants possess initially?
- When and how do humans develop unique knowledge?
- How do postnatal experiences impact cognitive, social, emotional, and moral behavior?
- How does development continue into adulthood?
Prenatal Development
- Prenatal development spans from conception to 40 weeks (approximately).
- Key stages include conception (day 1), zygote (1-2 weeks), embryo (3-8 weeks), and fetus (9-40 weeks).
- The nervous system begins developing during the 3rd week of pregnancy.
Prenatal Brain Influences
- Maternal stress (physical and emotional) can affect prenatal brain development.
- Maternal exposure to chemicals (e.g., mercury, lead) can influence brain development.
- Maternal infections and exposure to drugs and prescription/recreational substances can harm the fetus.
- Maternal malnutrition can compromise fetal development.
Teratogens
- Teratogens are substances that can harm a developing fetus.
- Thalidomide is a famous example of a teratogen that caused birth defects.
- Bisphenol-A (BPA) is another example, disrupting hormone balance (estrogen and testosterone).
Postnatal Brain Development
- Human babies are born with essential reflexes for survival (e.g., sucking).
- The postnatal brain develops rapidly, especially in the first year and beyond.
- Infants are born with more neurons than necessary.
- Synaptogenesis (formation of new synapses) is rapid in the first year.
- Synaptic pruning (elimination of unused synapses) refines neural circuits throughout adolescence.
- This plasticity creates critical periods for psychological function and behavior development.
Critical Periods
- These are periods of rapid brain growth and plasticity when the brain is particularly sensitive to specific experiences and stimulation.
- Certain skills (visual perception, motor learning, language learning) need to be developed during specific critical periods.
- Experiences during these periods (e.g., infant-caregiver bonding) significantly impact later development.
- The ability to discriminate between different languages' sounds is lost by approximately 12 months of age.
Cognitive Development (Piaget)
- Children construct schemas (mental frameworks) to understand the world.
- Assimilation is the fitting of new information into existing schemas, regardless of fit.
- Accommodation is the modifying ofschemas to accommodate new information, creating new knowledge.
- Piaget's stages of cognitive development describe how children's thinking develops from birth to adolescence.
Piaget's Classic Stages
- Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Infants experience the world through senses and actions; object permanence develops.
- Preoperational (2-7 years): Children use symbols to represent objects but think egocentrically.
- Concrete operational (7-12 years): Children reason logically about concrete events and grasp conservation.
- Formal operational (12+ years): Adolescents can reason hypothetically and think abstractly.
Object Permanence
- Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
- Piaget believed this develops during the sensorimotor stage.
Modern Challenges to Piaget
- Cognitive abilities may develop earlier than Piaget proposed.
- Infants possess a rudimentary understanding of the physical world (e.g., objects are solid).
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature versus nurture are factors influencing development.
- Nativism suggests certain knowledge is innate, while empiricism emphasizes experience-driven knowledge development.
- Contemporary view: Both nature and nurture play crucial roles.
Social and Emotional Development: Attachment
- Attachment is a unique bond formed between infants and primary caregivers during early life.
- The bond affects the development of internal working models.
- Attachment styles, influenced by caregiver responsiveness, can affect later social development.
Harlow's Attachment Studies
- Harlow's research using monkeys demonstrated the importance of contact comfort for healthy attachment.
- A lack of contact comfort can have negative consequences on psychological well-being.
Human Observation: Attachment
- Adults who experienced harsh or inconsistent discipline often face mental health and physical health risks (obesity, diabetes, heart disease).
- Human development needs consistent care.
Bowlby & Ainsworth's Attachment Theory
- Bowlby and Ainsworth's attachment theory emphasizes the critical period of infancy in forming a bond between infants and caregivers.
- A child develops an internal working model of social interactions.
- Attachment relationships impact later social development.
Ainsworth's Attachment Styles
- Secure attachment (responsive caregiver)
- Insecure-ambivalent attachment (inconsistent caregiver)
- Insecure-avoidant attachment (unresponsive caregiver)
The Strange Situation
- A standard procedure to assess infant attachment styles based on caregiver response.
- Assessing child responses to the stranger and to caregiver.
- Helps diagnose different attachment types.
Social and Emotional Development: Prosocial and Moral Behavior
- Prosocial behavior includes things like sharing and helping.
- Moral behavior is guided by standards of right and wrong.
- Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlines stages in moral reasoning.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
- Preconventional Stage: morality based on reward/punishment
- Conventional Stage: morality based on social norms and rules.
- Postconventional Stage: morality based on abstract principles like fairness and justice.
Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory
- Moral judgments are often intuitive and emotional, not always rational.
- This differs from Kohlberg's theory, which emphasizes reasoning.
The Trolley Problem
- A thought experiment distinguishing between impersonal and personal choices.
- Often used in moral psychology investigations.
Innate Moral Sense
- Recent research suggests infants exhibit fundamental concepts of right and wrong and fairness.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of developmental psychology, including the impact of early experiences on behavior and personality development. This quiz delves into influential theories, particularly Freud's insights on childhood development. Understand the questions that researchers ask to unravel the complexities of human growth.
