Psychology: Erikson and Freud's Theories

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Questions and Answers

What is one criticism of Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development?

It does not consider emotional development.

It includes only two stages of development.

It is too focused on the role of women in development.

It assumes completion of one stage is necessary for the next. (correct)

Which stage in Erikson's model emphasizes the search for identity?

Adolescence (correct)

Infancy

Adulthood

Old Age

What aspect does Freud's psychosexual theory primarily focus on?

Cognitive development stages

Moral development in children

Facets of wants, needs, and desires (correct)

Social roles in adulthood

How many stages are present in Freud's psychosexual theory?

Five Signup and view all the answers

What criticism is leveled against both Erikson's and Freud's developmental theories?

They do not account for cultural variations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major virtue associated with the first stage of Erickson's psychosocial development?

Hope Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does an individual develop a sense of independence?

Autonomy vs. Shame Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is characterized by the development of self-confidence in abilities?

Industry vs. Inferiority Signup and view all the answers

What psychosocial crisis is faced during the age range of 12-18?

Identity vs. Role Confusion Signup and view all the answers

At which stage do individuals typically establish intimacy and relationships with others?

Intimacy vs. Isolation Signup and view all the answers

What task is associated with the stage of Industry vs. Inferiority?

Developing self-confidence Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves the crisis of Generativity vs. Stagnation?

40-64 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome if an individual is successful in overcoming the crisis of Intimacy vs. Isolation?

Ability to form close relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the epigenetic principle in Erikson's theory?

Each stage of development follows a specific order based on previous outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What must individuals grapple with to progress through Erikson's stages?

Central psychosocial conflicts Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects Erikson's view on development?

Individual growth continues throughout the lifespan. Signup and view all the answers

What critique has been leveled at Erikson's stage theory?

It lacks clarity on conflict resolution for each stage. Signup and view all the answers

How do sociocultural contexts influence Erikson's stages?

They interact with individual growth to highlight conflicts at different life stages. Signup and view all the answers

What is suppression as defined in psychological terms?

Conscious choice to ignore certain impulses Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is accurate?

Each stage must be completed in order to progress. Signup and view all the answers

What is the central crisis of the first stage in Erikson's psychosocial development?

Trust vs. Mistrust Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an infant's needs are not sufficiently met according to Erikson's theory?

The infant will perceive the world as inconsistent. Signup and view all the answers

Why is a certain amount of mistrust necessary in childhood development?

To help children become skeptical of others' intentions Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism allows an individual to channel their aggression into a constructive activity?

Sublimation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes Erikson's view on adulthood?

Psychological development continues throughout the entire lifecycle. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the 'Crisis' in each of Erikson's stages of development?

A challenge that must be met for emotional growth. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the sexual energy that can manifest through different types of behaviors?

Libido Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud mean by the term 'fixation'?

Being stuck in a particular developmental stage Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body does the oral stage primarily focus on for pleasure?

Mouth Signup and view all the answers

What behavior might suggest an oral fixation in adulthood according to Freud?

Excessive smoking or chewing gum Signup and view all the answers

During the oral stage, what may cause a child to develop negative personality traits?

Experiencing underfeeding or frustration Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the psyche is impulsive and desires immediate gratification?

Id Signup and view all the answers

How does the ego function in Freud's theory?

It mediates desires and societal expectations Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the superego in Freud's theory?

To enforce societal and moral norms Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome for a child who is overfed or overly gratified?

They could become optimistic and gullible. Signup and view all the answers

Which behaviors are associated with oral fixation in adulthood?

Excessive eating, smoking, and nail-biting. Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does the libido become focused on the anus?

Anal Stage Signup and view all the answers

What can unresolved conflicts during the anal stage lead to?

Problems such as excessive cleanliness and stubbornness. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the phallic stage of development?

Increased awareness of genital differences and Oedipus/Electra complex. Signup and view all the answers

What conflict occurs during potty training according to Freud?

The child experiences a struggle for independence and control. Signup and view all the answers

How do children typically resolve the Oedipus complex?

Through identification with the same-sex parent. Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of being fixated in the oral stage?

Engaging in behaviors like overeating and smoking. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Erikson (1902-1994), a student of Freud, expanded Freud's theory of psychosexual development
He emphasized the role of culture in parenting and motivations.
Erikson identified eight stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan.
He proposed that personality develops throughout life, unlike Freud who believed personality was fixed in early life.
Each stage involves a conflict or task, and successful completion leads to healthy personality and competence.

Psychosocial Stages of Development

Erikson believed the ego is more important than the id.
Individuals make conscious choices based on social and cultural needs.
Key motivations include feeling the world is trustworthy, being capable, making a contribution to society, and a meaningful life.
Development happens in stages, influenced by social-cultural surroundings.

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (0-18 months)

Infants learn to trust caregivers.
Responsive caregivers lead to trust, while unresponsive caregivers lead to mistrust.
Successful resolution leads to the virtue of hope.

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months-3 years)

Toddlers develop independence and control.
Autonomy comes from having choices, while shame and doubt stem from restrictions.
Successful resolution leads to the virtue of will.

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)

Preschoolers initiate activities and social interactions.
Successful initiative building leads to self-confidence and purpose.
Unsuccessful interactions lead to feelings of guilt.

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)

Elementary school children compare themselves with peers.
Successful experiences lead to pride and accomplishment.
Failure or poor social interactions lead to feelings of inferiority.
Competence is the virtue.

Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)

Adolescents develop a sense of self.
Exploration of roles and ideas is part of this stage.
Successful resolution leads to a strong sense of identity, while confusion leads to difficulty establishing an identity.
Fidelity is the virtue.

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-40 years)

Young adults seek intimate relationships.
Successful establishment of relationships leads to love.
Failure to establish relationships leads to isolation.

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years)

Middle-aged adults contribute to the next generation.
Generativity involves work and care for others.
Failure to contribute leads to feeling stagnant.
Care is the virtue.

Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (65+ years)

Older adults reflect on their lives.
Acceptance of accomplishments leads to integrity.
Regret or dissatisfaction leads to despair.
Wisdom is the virtue.

Critical Evaluation of Erikson's Theory

Erikson's theory is valuable for understanding lifespan development.
It has been criticised for being unfalsifiable and unclear about what constitutes success in each stage.
Specific hypotheses within the theory may be supported by research.

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Description

Test your knowledge on Erikson's Psychosocial Stages and Freud's Psychosexual Theory. This quiz covers key concepts, criticisms, and significant stages in human development according to these influential theorists. Perfect for psychology students and enthusiasts alike.