Developmental Psychology: Childhood Insights
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes socioeconomic status?

  • A person's financial means, irrespective of education or occupation.
  • A person's social standing based solely on their income.
  • A person's social status based on their place of residence.
  • A combination of a person's income, education, and occupation. (correct)

Children growing up in poverty are less likely to be born prematurely.

False (B)

What term describes the study of the bidirectional relationship between the environment and the expression of genes?

epigenetics

According to epigenetics, experiences and the environment can influence whether genes are '______ on or off'.

<p>turned</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Socioeconomic Status = A combination of income, education, and occupation Continuous Development = Changes are gradual and build upon each other. Discontinuous Development = Development occurs in distinct stages. Epigenetics = Study of bidirectional relationship between the environment and gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of discontinuous development?

<p>object-permanence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, genes and environment are independent factors that do not affect each other in child development

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research, what might smoking during pregnancy activate in children?

<p>Genes responsible for obesity and heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget's theory, what are the two processes by which children adjust their mental models?

<p>Assimilation and accommodation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, occurs between the ages of 2 and 7 years.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Little Albert experiment demonstrate?

<p>Emotional responses could be conditioned in children. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In information processing theory, what is the mind often compared to?

<p>a computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to B.F. Skinner, positive reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children in Piaget's __________ stage cannot think logically and have trouble seeing the world from other people's perspectives.

<p>preoperational</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cognitive development stages with their descriptions:

<p>Sensorimotor = Infants learn through senses and motor activities Preoperational = Difficulty seeing the world from other's perspectives Concrete operational = Logical thinking begins but is limited to direct experiences Formal operational = Capability of abstract reasoning and logical thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory?

<p>Children learn by watching others and imitating behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Bobo doll experiment showed that children imitate both prosocial and _____ behavior based on observation.

<p>aggressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of information processing theory?

<p>Efficiency in processing, storing, and retrieving information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, the formal operational stage is characterized by limitations to direct experiences in thinking.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these examples demonstrates negative reinforcement?

<p>A child is allowed to skip a chore after finishing all their vegetables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, what is the term for the mental models children build to understand the world?

<p>schemas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Operant Conditioning = Behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment. Social Learning Theory = Children learn by watching others. Cognitive Development = Focus on internal mental processes, such as thinking. Positive Reinforcement = Adding a positive consequence to a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive theories suggest that children are passive recipients of information.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key idea of cognitive development regarding the brain and its role?

<p>Cognitive development is closely tied to changes, maturity, and interactions in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of evolutionary theories in child development?

<p>How developmental behaviors have evolved for survival and reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evolutionary approaches suggest that all developmental patterns are unique to each individual.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to John Bowlby, what role does the primary caregiver serve in a child's development?

<p>secure base</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection suggests that traits that enhance ______ and reproduction are more likely to be passed on.

<p>survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as a context that influences children's development?

<p>Political Affiliation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which early human behaviors are seen as evolutionary adaptations for ensuring survival, according to Charles Darwin?

<p>Attachment and caregiving (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theorists with their key concepts:

<p>Charles Darwin = Natural selection Konrad Lorenz = Imprinting John Bowlby = Attachment theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Culture is primarily passed down through genetic inheritance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the material, what are the characteristics of a 'W.E.I.R.D.' culture?

<p>Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Konrad Lorenz primarily studied attachment behaviors in humans.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In many cultures outside of the 'W.E.I.R.D.' category, children are often overseen by ______ or siblings.

<p>elders</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to evolutionary psychology, what is the benefit of attachment behaviors in children?

<p>safety and nourishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main differences in how children learn in 'W.E.I.R.D.' cultures versus many other cultures?

<p>Children in 'W.E.I.R.D.' cultures are thought intellectual and social skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of what is 'normal' in child-rearing is universally consistent across all cultures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Culture can be based on national or regional location, religion, ethnicity, or ______.

<p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics with the correct cultural context:

<p>Children are overseen by elders or siblings = Many other cultures (non-WEIRD) Children learn by observation = Many other cultures (non-WEIRD) Parents provide financial and emotive support = W.E.I.R.D. cultures Children are taught intellectual and social skills = W.E.I.R.D. cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is infantile amnesia?

<p>The inability to recall events from early life, generally before age 2-4 years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infants can recognize their mother by her smell, voice, and physical appearance.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is motor memory evident in infants?

<p>3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inability to retrieve memories may relate to children's __________ abilities.

<p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Culture

The shared beliefs, customs, behaviors, and values that characterize a society or group of people.

Cultural influences

A collection of ideas, practices, and social patterns unique to a certain group and passed down through generations.

How culture shapes children

The impact of culture on a child's development, affecting their behavior, social interaction, and values.

The WEIRD model

A framework highlighting four key characteristics common to many Western societies.

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Ethnicity

The influence of a person's nationality, geographical origin, or ancestry, often tied to cultural and social characteristics.

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The influence of ethnicity

The way ethnicity can affect a child's development, including cultural values, traditions, and social norms.

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Cultural variation in child rearing

The significance of cultural practices in child rearing, emphasizing their variation across cultures.

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Applying research to different cultures

The need to consider cultural lens when interpreting developmental findings, acknowledging the limitations of a single perspective.

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Observational Learning

A type of learning where the learner learns by observing and imitating the actions of another person (model).

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Bobo Doll Experiment

A famous experiment that showcased how children imitate both good and bad behavior they observe in others.

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Behavior Modification

A method of influencing behavior by consistently providing rewards and consequences.

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Cognitive Development Theory

A theory that focuses on how children learn and develop by actively interacting with their environment and solving problems.

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Reinforcement and Punishment

The concept that behavior is shaped by positive reinforcement (rewards) and negative reinforcement (removal of unpleasant stimuli).

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Little Albert Experiment

A famous experiment that showed how even emotional responses can be learned through association.

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Negative Reinforcement

The process of strengthening a behavior by removing something unpleasant.

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Positive Reinforcement

Strengthening behavior by adding something pleasant.

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Infantile amnesia

The inability to recall events from early childhood, typically before age 2-4.

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Infant memory

Infants can remember things like their mother's smell, voice, and appearance. They demonstrate this through recognition.

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Memories are lost hypothesis

Memories are lost and cannot be retrieved due to brain development or other factors.

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Language and memory retrieval

Infants lack the language skills to encode memories using words, so they rely on action patterns.

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Language and memory encoding

The ability to retrieve memories may be hindered by a lack of language skills, as infants primarily encode memories in actions.

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Socioeconomic Status

A combination of a person's income, education, and occupation, reflecting their social standing and financial means.

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Impact of Poverty on Children

Children growing up in poverty are more likely to experience premature birth, low birth weight, increased risk of illnesses and mental health problems, and lower school attendance, performance, and completion rates.

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Factors Influencing Child Poverty

Factors such as a child's race/ethnicity, place of residence, number of siblings, and family structure (single-parent or two-parent household) can influence the likelihood of a child living in poverty.

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Gene-Environment Interaction

The interplay between an individual's genetic makeup and the environment, where experiences shape gene expression, and genes influence development and experiences.

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Epigenetics

The study of how environmental factors can influence gene expression, impacting an individual's phenotype.

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Continuous Development

Development characterized by gradual and continuous changes, building upon previous skills and abilities. Examples include language development.

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Discontinuous Development

Development that occurs in distinct stages, where each stage brings about qualitatively different behaviors and abilities. Examples include object permanence.

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Early vs. Late Experiences

The ongoing debate about the relative importance of early experiences versus later experiences in shaping development.

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Evolutionary Theory

The theory that certain traits and behaviors have evolved because they enhance survival and reproduction, shaping a species over time.

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Natural Selection

A process where traits that improve survival are passed on more often, leading to a species adapting to its environment.

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Imprinting

An innate behavior pattern occurring shortly after birth in certain animals, like ducks quickly bonding with the first moving object they see.

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Attachment Theory

The idea that attachment behaviors in humans are biologically programmed to ensure survival, promoting proximity to caregivers for safety and nourishment.

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Secure Base

A primary caregiver who provides a safe and secure base from which a child can explore the world, knowing they can return for comfort and support.

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Universal Developmental Patterns

The idea that certain developmental patterns are universal across all humans because they have evolved to meet common adaptive challenges.

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Innate Behaviors and Biological Predispositions

The role of genetics in shaping behaviors, abilities, and developmental processes, suggesting that inherited traits play a crucial part in development.

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Behavioral Genetics

The study of how genes influence behavior and development, including how genetic variations contribute to individual differences.

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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Piaget's theory suggests that children progress through four distinct stages of cognitive development, each marked by a unique way of thinking.

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Schemas & Cognitive Adaptation

Schemas are mental frameworks that children use to organize and understand their world. They adapt these schemas through assimilation (fitting new information into existing schemas) and accommodation (modifying schemas to incorporate new information).

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Information Processing Theory

This theory uses the computer metaphor to understand cognitive growth, emphasizing the development of attention, memory, and problem-solving skills over time.

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Focus on Mental Functions

As children grow, their ability to process, store, and retrieve information becomes more efficient.

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Memory Development

This theory explores how memory, particularly working memory and long-term memory, develops as children age.

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Sensorimotor Stage

The Sensorimotor stage is the first stage in Piaget's theory, spanning from birth to two years. During this stage, infants learn about their environment primarily through their senses and motor skills.

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Preoperational Stage

The Preoperational stage in Piaget's theory covers ages 2-7 years. Children at this stage have difficulty thinking logically and understanding others' perspectives.

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Concrete Operational Stage

In the Concrete Operational stage (7-11 years), children begin to develop logical thinking skills, but their reasoning is still tied to concrete experiences.

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Study Notes

Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Youth

  • Course offered at the University of Europe for Applied Sciences Berlin
  • Lectures presented by Dr. Costanza De Simone
  • Date of presentation: January 16th, 2025

Week 1 - Introduction to Developmental Psychology

  • Topics covered: Lecture organization, contexts influencing children's development, key issues in child development, and developmental milestones.

Week 2 and 3 - Classical Theories of Child Development

  • Topic 1: The Long Way Toward Child Development as a Science
  • Topic 2: Theories in Child Development
    • 2.1 Psychodynamic Approaches
      • Focus on the unconscious (drives, experiences, conflicts)
      • Early childhood is crucial for future personality and behavior
      • Psychological growth involves resolving conflicting drives/expectations/morals
      • Major Theorists:
        • Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital); Id, Ego, Superego
        • Erik Erikson: Psychosocial stages (trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, etc.); lifelong development
    • 2.2 Learning Approaches
      • Focus on observable behaviors and environmental influences
      • Children are active learners through interactions, reinforcement, and observation
      • Development is a continuous process driven by learning, not stages
      • Major Theorists:
        • John B. Watson: Classical conditioning (Pavlov's dogs); Little Albert Experiment
        • B.F. Skinner: Operant conditioning (reinforcement/punishment); behavior modification
        • Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory (observational learning); Bobo Doll Experiment
    • 2.3 Cognitive Approaches
      • Focus on internal mental processes (thinking, reasoning, memory, problem-solving)
      • Children actively build knowledge
      • Cognitive development tied to brain maturation
      • Development occurs through stages
      • Major Theorists:
        • Jean Piaget: Stages of Cognitive Development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational); schemas, assimilation/accommodation, equilibrium
      • Information Processing Theory: Compares the mind to a computer; gradual development of attention, memory, and problem-solving
    • 2.4 Contextual Approaches
      • Focus on environmental influences (social, cultural, historical contexts)
      • Development is a dynamic interaction between the child and their environment
      • Development embedded within various systems (from family to broader society)
      • Major Theorists:
        • Urie Bronfenbrenner: Ecological Systems Theory (nested systems, ecological fit; Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem)
    • 2.5 Evolutionary Approaches
      • Focus on adaptation of developmental behaviors/traits (survival, reproduction)
      • Suggests universal developmental patterns due to evolutionary challenges
      • Highlight the role of genetic inheritance in shaping behaviors, abilities, and development
      • Major Theorists:
        • Charles Darwin: Natural Selection; Instincts and Behaviors
        • Konrad Lorenz: Imprinting in animals
        • John Bowlby: Attachment Theory; evolutionary basis of attachment, secure base

Week 4 - Genetics and Prenatal Development

  • Topic 1: The Construction Plan for a Human Being: Chromosomes, Genes, and Heredity
  • Topic 2: The Beginnings of Life
  • Topic 3: The Prenatal Environment: Factors Influencing Development
  • Topic 4: Prenatal Care and Prenatal Tests
  • Topic 5: Special Pregnancy Issues: Infertility and the Premature End of a Pregnancy
  • Key Concepts: Genes; Genome; Gene Expression (dominant/recessive traits); Heterozygous, Homozygous; Polygenic Traits

Week 5 - Birth and the Newborn

  • Topic 1: From Pregnancy to Childbirth: How the Birth Process Unfolds
  • Topic 2: Problems in Childbirth
  • Topic 3: The Newborn Baby (senses and reflexes)
  • Topic 4: Adjusting to Life with a Newborn

Week 6 and 7 - Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

  • (A): Physical Development
    • 1. Brain and Body Growth in Infancy and Toddlerhood
    • 2. How Children's Motor Skills Develop
    • 3. How Infants and Toddlers Experience the World: Senses
    • 4. Nutrition and Health
  • (B): Cognitive Development
    • 1. Learning to Think
    • 2. Learning to Speak
    • 3. Media and Cognitive Development

Additional Notes

  • Specific milestones and stages of development (e.g., age-related behavioral and motor skills) are provided in the document's tables.
  • Information about infantile amnesia's hypotheses and possible causes are provided.
  • Research findings on infant memory (such as Carolyn Rovee-Collier's mobile experiment) are incorporated.
  • The concept of "epigenetics" (relation between environment and gene expression) is highlighted.

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This quiz covers the foundational concepts and theories in developmental psychology, focusing on childhood and youth. Topics include influential theories, key issues in child development, and developmental milestones critical to understanding children's growth. Test your knowledge on the classical approaches that shape the understanding of child development.

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