Developmental Psychology: Childhood Insights
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes socioeconomic status?

  • A person's financial means, irrespective of education or occupation.
  • A person's social standing based solely on their income.
  • A person's social status based on their place of residence.
  • A combination of a person's income, education, and occupation. (correct)

    • Children growing up in poverty are less likely to be born prematurely.

    False

    What term describes the study of the bidirectional relationship between the environment and the expression of genes?

    epigenetics

    According to epigenetics, experiences and the environment can influence whether genes are '______ on or off'.

    <p>turned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Socioeconomic Status = A combination of income, education, and occupation Continuous Development = Changes are gradual and build upon each other. Discontinuous Development = Development occurs in distinct stages. Epigenetics = Study of bidirectional relationship between the environment and gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of discontinuous development?

    <p>object-permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, genes and environment are independent factors that do not affect each other in child development

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to research, what might smoking during pregnancy activate in children?

    <p>Genes responsible for obesity and heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget's theory, what are the two processes by which children adjust their mental models?

    <p>Assimilation and accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, occurs between the ages of 2 and 7 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Little Albert experiment demonstrate?

    <p>Emotional responses could be conditioned in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In information processing theory, what is the mind often compared to?

    <p>a computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to B.F. Skinner, positive reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children in Piaget's __________ stage cannot think logically and have trouble seeing the world from other people's perspectives.

    <p>preoperational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cognitive development stages with their descriptions:

    <p>Sensorimotor = Infants learn through senses and motor activities Preoperational = Difficulty seeing the world from other's perspectives Concrete operational = Logical thinking begins but is limited to direct experiences Formal operational = Capability of abstract reasoning and logical thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main point of Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory?

    <p>Children learn by watching others and imitating behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bobo doll experiment showed that children imitate both prosocial and _____ behavior based on observation.

    <p>aggressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the focus of information processing theory?

    <p>Efficiency in processing, storing, and retrieving information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, the formal operational stage is characterized by limitations to direct experiences in thinking.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these examples demonstrates negative reinforcement?

    <p>A child is allowed to skip a chore after finishing all their vegetables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, what is the term for the mental models children build to understand the world?

    <p>schemas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Operant Conditioning = Behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment. Social Learning Theory = Children learn by watching others. Cognitive Development = Focus on internal mental processes, such as thinking. Positive Reinforcement = Adding a positive consequence to a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive theories suggest that children are passive recipients of information.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key idea of cognitive development regarding the brain and its role?

    <p>Cognitive development is closely tied to changes, maturity, and interactions in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of evolutionary theories in child development?

    <p>How developmental behaviors have evolved for survival and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolutionary approaches suggest that all developmental patterns are unique to each individual.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to John Bowlby, what role does the primary caregiver serve in a child's development?

    <p>secure base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection suggests that traits that enhance ______ and reproduction are more likely to be passed on.

    <p>survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT identified as a context that influences children's development?

    <p>Political Affiliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early human behaviors are seen as evolutionary adaptations for ensuring survival, according to Charles Darwin?

    <p>Attachment and caregiving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theorists with their key concepts:

    <p>Charles Darwin = Natural selection Konrad Lorenz = Imprinting John Bowlby = Attachment theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Culture is primarily passed down through genetic inheritance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the material, what are the characteristics of a 'W.E.I.R.D.' culture?

    <p>Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Konrad Lorenz primarily studied attachment behaviors in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In many cultures outside of the 'W.E.I.R.D.' category, children are often overseen by ______ or siblings.

    <p>elders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to evolutionary psychology, what is the benefit of attachment behaviors in children?

    <p>safety and nourishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main differences in how children learn in 'W.E.I.R.D.' cultures versus many other cultures?

    <p>Children in 'W.E.I.R.D.' cultures are thought intellectual and social skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of what is 'normal' in child-rearing is universally consistent across all cultures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Culture can be based on national or regional location, religion, ethnicity, or ______.

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the characteristics with the correct cultural context:

    <p>Children are overseen by elders or siblings = Many other cultures (non-WEIRD) Children learn by observation = Many other cultures (non-WEIRD) Parents provide financial and emotive support = W.E.I.R.D. cultures Children are taught intellectual and social skills = W.E.I.R.D. cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is infantile amnesia?

    <p>The inability to recall events from early life, generally before age 2-4 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants can recognize their mother by her smell, voice, and physical appearance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is motor memory evident in infants?

    <p>3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inability to retrieve memories may relate to children's __________ abilities.

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Youth

    • Course offered at the University of Europe for Applied Sciences Berlin
    • Lectures presented by Dr. Costanza De Simone
    • Date of presentation: January 16th, 2025

    Week 1 - Introduction to Developmental Psychology

    • Topics covered: Lecture organization, contexts influencing children's development, key issues in child development, and developmental milestones.

    Week 2 and 3 - Classical Theories of Child Development

    • Topic 1: The Long Way Toward Child Development as a Science
    • Topic 2: Theories in Child Development
      • 2.1 Psychodynamic Approaches
        • Focus on the unconscious (drives, experiences, conflicts)
        • Early childhood is crucial for future personality and behavior
        • Psychological growth involves resolving conflicting drives/expectations/morals
        • Major Theorists:
          • Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital); Id, Ego, Superego
          • Erik Erikson: Psychosocial stages (trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, etc.); lifelong development
      • 2.2 Learning Approaches
        • Focus on observable behaviors and environmental influences
        • Children are active learners through interactions, reinforcement, and observation
        • Development is a continuous process driven by learning, not stages
        • Major Theorists:
          • John B. Watson: Classical conditioning (Pavlov's dogs); Little Albert Experiment
          • B.F. Skinner: Operant conditioning (reinforcement/punishment); behavior modification
          • Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory (observational learning); Bobo Doll Experiment
      • 2.3 Cognitive Approaches
        • Focus on internal mental processes (thinking, reasoning, memory, problem-solving)
        • Children actively build knowledge
        • Cognitive development tied to brain maturation
        • Development occurs through stages
        • Major Theorists:
          • Jean Piaget: Stages of Cognitive Development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational); schemas, assimilation/accommodation, equilibrium
        • Information Processing Theory: Compares the mind to a computer; gradual development of attention, memory, and problem-solving
      • 2.4 Contextual Approaches
        • Focus on environmental influences (social, cultural, historical contexts)
        • Development is a dynamic interaction between the child and their environment
        • Development embedded within various systems (from family to broader society)
        • Major Theorists:
          • Urie Bronfenbrenner: Ecological Systems Theory (nested systems, ecological fit; Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem)
      • 2.5 Evolutionary Approaches
        • Focus on adaptation of developmental behaviors/traits (survival, reproduction)
        • Suggests universal developmental patterns due to evolutionary challenges
        • Highlight the role of genetic inheritance in shaping behaviors, abilities, and development
        • Major Theorists:
          • Charles Darwin: Natural Selection; Instincts and Behaviors
          • Konrad Lorenz: Imprinting in animals
          • John Bowlby: Attachment Theory; evolutionary basis of attachment, secure base

    Week 4 - Genetics and Prenatal Development

    • Topic 1: The Construction Plan for a Human Being: Chromosomes, Genes, and Heredity
    • Topic 2: The Beginnings of Life
    • Topic 3: The Prenatal Environment: Factors Influencing Development
    • Topic 4: Prenatal Care and Prenatal Tests
    • Topic 5: Special Pregnancy Issues: Infertility and the Premature End of a Pregnancy
    • Key Concepts: Genes; Genome; Gene Expression (dominant/recessive traits); Heterozygous, Homozygous; Polygenic Traits

    Week 5 - Birth and the Newborn

    • Topic 1: From Pregnancy to Childbirth: How the Birth Process Unfolds
    • Topic 2: Problems in Childbirth
    • Topic 3: The Newborn Baby (senses and reflexes)
    • Topic 4: Adjusting to Life with a Newborn

    Week 6 and 7 - Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

    • (A): Physical Development
      • 1. Brain and Body Growth in Infancy and Toddlerhood
      • 2. How Children's Motor Skills Develop
      • 3. How Infants and Toddlers Experience the World: Senses
      • 4. Nutrition and Health
    • (B): Cognitive Development
      • 1. Learning to Think
      • 2. Learning to Speak
      • 3. Media and Cognitive Development

    Additional Notes

    • Specific milestones and stages of development (e.g., age-related behavioral and motor skills) are provided in the document's tables.
    • Information about infantile amnesia's hypotheses and possible causes are provided.
    • Research findings on infant memory (such as Carolyn Rovee-Collier's mobile experiment) are incorporated.
    • The concept of "epigenetics" (relation between environment and gene expression) is highlighted.

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