Child Development Theories and Research
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Questions and Answers

During young adulthood, what might Erikson predict about Jaraan's development?

  • He will establish a loving relationship with another person.
  • He will develop the ability to try new things and handle failure.
  • He will have difficulty forming intimate relationships. (correct)
  • He will view his life as satisfactory and worth living.

What does Erikson's theory indicate as a determinant of psychosocial development?

  • Children's attempts to understand their environments.
  • Resolution of conflicts between biological drives and societal standards.
  • Resolution of psychological and social crises. (correct)
  • Biological plans unfolding naturally.

According to psychodynamic theorists, what characterizes the developmental path?

  • Only maladjusted individuals face conflicts.
  • It follows a very individualized route.
  • It is typically filled with many conflicts. (correct)
  • It is predetermined by biological factors.

Which theory posits that development results from how individuals resolve conflicts?

<p>Psychodynamic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which theory does experience play a crucial role?

<p>Learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the pioneer in applying learning theory to child development?

<p>John Watson (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of learning theory in child development?

<p>Learning from social interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do psychodynamic theorists view the development of conflicts?

<p>Each individual faces unique conflict challenges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study would best help Anderson explore the relationship between hours spent watching television and test results?

<p>A correlational study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the probability of obtaining a particular measurement when no real difference exists?

<p>A P-value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of statistics is used to infer or predict how data represents a total population?

<p>Inferential statistics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which variable accounts for the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

<p>A mediator variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study about how lunch affects spelling test scores, what is the independent variable?

<p>The amount of food eaten for lunch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study is Sonja conducting to see if listening to music affects emotional state?

<p>An experiment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an interference variable?

<p>A variable that distorts or interferes with the interpretation of results (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a correlational study?

<p>To examine the strength and direction of relationships between variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of sampling behaviour with tasks?

<p>It may not accurately reflect the behaviour of interest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a strength of using tasks to sample behaviour?

<p>It is usually convenient to implement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In research, what does ecological validity refer to?

<p>The ability to generalize findings to real-life situations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do infants typically begin to develop a superego according to Freudian theory?

<p>During the preschool years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of pleasure in Freud's stages of development?

<p>Different parts of the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of measures involves asking children questions about a topic?

<p>Self-report (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue associated with self-reports collected from children?

<p>Bias towards socially acceptable answers can skew results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is Heidi most likely to take when raising her children based on Freudian theory?

<p>Balancing needs without overindulgence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of validity is assessed when determining how findings reflect real-world behavior?

<p>Ecological validity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of body ego primarily contributes to which of the following?

<p>Sense of individual self. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the process of closeness and separation between a child and parent?

<p>Enhancement of self-esteem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sampling behaviour with tasks may lead children to provide which type of responses?

<p>Socially acceptable answers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which point do babies typically understand concepts of right and wrong based on Freud's theory?

<p>In preschool years. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes naturalistic observation?

<p>It allows researchers to observe behaviour in its natural context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud emphasized the role of which aspect in the development of a child's personality?

<p>Pleasure focused on body parts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Freud's view of the psychosocial crises faced by children?

<p>They change with every age group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'tabula rasa' imply about infant development?

<p>Experience will shape infants into unique individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage focuses heavily on social and emotional growth?

<p>Middle childhood (A), Adolescents (B), Preschool children (C), Infants and toddlers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects a major theme in cognitive development?

<p>Children learn best through direct interaction with their environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely to be a factor in prenatal development?

<p>Postnatal environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental stage does physical growth occur most rapidly?

<p>Infancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes cognitive development in middle childhood?

<p>Logical reasoning begins to emerge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of child development critically affects emotional regulation?

<p>Parenting styles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of cognitive processes in adolescents?

<p>Development of abstract thinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the attitude of academics towards each other's work?

<p>Academics can be relentlessly unforgiving. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not true about the links between child-development research and family policy?

<p>The links have become weaker in recent years. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sound policies should be based on understanding key factors affecting children rather than assumptions. What was a former policy belief in Canada?

<p>First Nations children should be placed in residential schools. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Understanding the impact of which type of schooling can aid in supporting those affected by it?

<p>Residential schools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly completes the statement regarding residential schools' impact?

<p>Understanding the effects of residential schools can help Indigenous people. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of emphasizing social policies in child-development research?

<p>It may lead to more effective child development policies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding child-development research?

<p>It can assess social policy effects on families. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a common misunderstanding in child-development policy implications?

<p>Understanding children's needs should guide policy initiatives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tabula Rasa

The idea that infants are born with a blank slate (no pre-existing knowledge or behaviors).

Nature vs Nurture

The debate on whether innate factors (nature) or environmental influences (nurture) are more critical in development.

Child Development

The process of growth and change in children; a multifaceted approach encompassing physical, cognitive, and social-emotional aspects.

Infant development

The study of how infants grow and change from birth to toddlerhood(2-3 years).

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Prenatal development

The stage of development from conception to birth, encompassing crucial periods of physical growth.

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Cognitive Development

The development of mental processes, including thinking, problem-solving and knowledge acquisition.

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Social-emotional development

The development of social skills and the management of emotions; interpersonal skills.

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Research in Child Development

The scientific investigation of how children grow, learn, and change.

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Erikson's young adulthood prediction for Jaraan

Erikson predicts Jaraan will struggle to form close relationships during young adulthood.

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Erikson's psychosocial theory

Development occurs through resolving conflicts between psychological/social crises.

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Psychodynamic theory of development

Development is shaped by how conflicts are resolved.

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Learning theory's role in development

Experience is the most important factor in learning-based development.

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Early learning theorist

John Watson is an early learning theorist.

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Psychodynamic theory conflicts

Development is often accompanied by numerous conflicts.

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Learning theory focus

Learning theory emphasizes the crucial role of experience in development.

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Individualized development

Development has different challenges for everyone.

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Superego Development

Superego, in Freudian theory, develops later, not in infants.

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Freud's Stages

In Freud's theory, pleasure is focused on different body parts at different stages.

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Ideal Parenting (Freud)

A Freudian parent tries to meet a child's needs without excessive indulgence.

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Body Ego

Body ego, in early development, leads to a sense of self.

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Closeness and Separation

The process of closeness and separation between parent and child affects development.

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Infants and Morality

Infants typically do not have fully developed morality (superego) yet.

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Freudian Theory focus

Pleasure centers on different body parts during the stages.

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Child's sense of self

Body ego contributes to the development of a sense of self in young children.

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Sampling behaviour with tasks

A research method where children are given specific tasks to observe their behaviour. This method aims to understand specific skills or abilities.

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Ecological Validity

The degree to which research findings can be applied to real-world situations.

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Strengths of Sampling Behaviour with Tasks

One advantage of this method is its convenience. Researchers find it easy to conduct.

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Limitations of Sampling Behaviour with Tasks

One limitation is the tasks might not accurately reflect how children would behave in their everyday lives.

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Social Desirability Bias

Children may provide answers that are socially acceptable, even if they are not their true opinion.

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Self-Report Measures

Research methods that involve asking children questions about their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.

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Problems with Self-Report Measures

One issue is that children may not be entirely honest with their answers, especially if they feel pressured to give socially acceptable responses.

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Convergent vs. Divergent Validity

Convergent validity refers to how strongly a measure relates to other measures that should be related, while divergent validity measures how weakly it relates to measures that should be unrelated.

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Correlational Study

A research method that examines the relationship between two or more variables, but doesn't prove cause and effect.

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P-value

The probability of getting a particular result if there was NO real difference between groups.

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Inferential Statistics

Using data from a sample to make conclusions about the whole population.

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Descriptive Statistics

Just describing the data, like averages and ranges.

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Mediator Variable

A variable that explains the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable.

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Independent Variable

The factor a researcher manipulates or changes to see its effect.

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Dependent Variable

The factor that is measured or observed in an experiment.

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Peer Review

The process where experts in a field evaluate the quality of research before publication.

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Impact of Research on Policy

How insights from child-development research inform the development of policies regarding families.

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Residential Schools

Boarding schools established to forcibly assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture.

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First Nations, Métis, and Inuit

Three distinct Indigenous groups in Canada with unique histories, languages, and cultures.

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Intergenerational Impact

Effects of past events that continue to influence future generations.

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Advocacy

Active support for a cause, promoting awareness and change.

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Stereotypes vs. Evidence

The importance of using accurate research findings instead of biased assumptions about children.

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Accurate Understanding of Child Development

The need for sound policies to be grounded in evidence-based research, not on stereotypes.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Child Development Theories and Themes

  • Tabula Rasa: The concept of infants as a blank slate, suggesting development is heavily influenced by experience.
  • Freud's Theory: Focuses on how pleasure is centered on different body parts during development.
  • Superego Development: The superego, a moral compass, typically develops in the preschool years, not infancy.
  • Psychodynamic Theory: Holds that development is driven by resolving internal conflicts.
  • Erikson's Theory: Emphasizes the resolution of psychological and social crises as a key driver of development.
  • Body Ego: Contributes to a sense of individual self in early years.
  • Closeness/Separation: Crucial to development, influencing self-esteem and anxiety.
  • Specific Life Stage Predictions (Erikson): Early adulthood is about forming intimate relationships.

Chapter 2: Research in Child Development

  • Sampling Behavior with Tasks: Observations where behavior can be convenient but may not accurately represent real-life behaviors.
  • Ecological Validity: The degree to which research conclusions apply to real-world situations.
  • Self-Report Measures: Tools collecting information through questions directly from children, but with potential bias towards socially acceptable answers.
  • Correlational Studies: Ideal for exploring relationships between variables, like time spent watching TV and test scores.
  • Independent Variable: The variable manipulated in an experiment (e.g., music in a room).
  • Dependent Variable: The variable measured in an experiment (e.g., happiness levels).
  • Interference Variables: The probability of obtaining a specific measurement if no real difference exists.
  • Moderating Variables: Factors that account for a relationship between an independent and dependent variable.
  • Mediator Variables: Variables that explain the relationship between an independent and dependent variable.
  • Inferential Statistics: Statistical calculations drawing conclusions about the population from samples.
  • Descriptive Statistics: Basic statistical descriptions of research data.
  • Child Development Research and Family Policy: Important link; policies should be based on accurate understandings of development, not stereotypes.
  • Example of Residential Schools: Research on the impact of residential schools on Indigenous children is crucial for accurate policy development.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential theories of child development such as Tabula Rasa, Freud's Theory, and Erikson's Theory, alongside important research methods in the field. It aims to assess understanding of how various factors influence a child's development and the psychological milestones through different life stages. Prepare to dive into the complexities of child growth and the research strategies used to study it.

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