Developmental Theories: Freud, Piaget, Vygotsky

A theory that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are shaped by reinforcement and punishment. It emphasizes the environment's role in shaping behavior.

A theory explaining human development as a complex interaction between individuals and different environmental systems, including family, school, and culture.

A theory that emphasizes how individuals learn from observing and imitating others. It also considers personal factors and environmental influences that shape behavior.

A theory that describes personality development through eight stages, each with its own psychosocial conflict that individuals must resolve to move to the next stage.

A theory that focuses on how personal factors and environmental influences shape a person's behavior and learning. It emphasizes reciprocal determinism, where all these elements interact.

Freud's theory describes 5 stages of development: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital. Each stage focuses on a specific erogenous zone and how its satisfaction or frustration impacts personality development.

Piaget's theory emphasizes the active role of children in learning through interaction with their environment. It describes four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Vygotsky's theory highlights the importance of social interaction and cultural tools in child development. He emphasizes the role of community and language in learning.

Erikson's theory emphasizes the influence of social interactions and cultural expectations on personality development. It describes eight psychosocial stages, each with a unique challenge that needs to be resolved.

The Oral stage (first year of life) focuses on the mouth as the primary source of pleasure and satisfaction. Children explore the world through sucking, biting, and chewing.

The Anal stage (1-3 years) focuses on the development of control over bowel movements and the process of toilet training. It also relates to the development of self-control and independence.

The Phallic stage (3-6 years) is marked by the development of sexual identity. Children explore their own bodies and become aware of their sexual differences.

The Latent stage (6-12 years) is a period of relative calm and stability. Children focus on social development, school, and friendships.

Erik Erikson's theory that suggests personality development continues throughout life, emphasizing the importance of social interactions and the resolution of various psychosocial crises in each stage.

A concept developed by B.F. Skinner, it emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior, suggesting that behaviors are learned through associations with rewards and punishments.

B.F. Skinner's theory that suggests behavior is learned through the consequences that follow it. Behaviors associated with positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those with negative consequences are less likely to be repeated.

Proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner, this theory emphasizes that development is influenced by multiple layers of interconnected systems, including the individual's immediate environment, social relationships, cultural context, and broader societal factors.

Within Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, the microsystem refers to the individual's immediate surroundings, such as family, school, and peers, which directly influence their development.

Within Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, the mesosystem refers to the connections and interactions between different microsystems in an individual's life, such as the relationship between a child's family and their school.

Within Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, the macrosystem refers to the broader cultural and societal influences that shape an individual's development, such as laws, values, customs, and beliefs.

Albert Bandura's theory suggests that individuals learn by observing and imitating others, emphasizing the interplay between personal factors, behavioral factors, and environmental factors in driving development.