74 Questions
What is the primary location where glycogenesis occurs?
Liver
Which enzyme is a key player in the process of glycogenesis?
Glycogen synthase
What triggers gluconeogenesis to occur?
Low blood glucose levels
Which of the following serves as a substrate for gluconeogenesis?
Lactate
During which conditions does gluconeogenesis play a critical role in maintaining blood glucose levels?
During fasting or low-carbohydrate conditions
What is the primary type of sugar found in the blood?
Glucose
Which cells seek help from B cells and T cells in the immune response?
Dendritic Cells
What type of cells kill other cells directly during the immune response?
T cells
In which phase of the inflammatory response do memory cells develop for future protection?
Resolution Phase
Which of the following conditions can uncontrolled inflammation contribute to?
Rheumatoid arthritis
What is the primary goal of inflammation?
To eliminate harmful agents and protect the body
Which cells act as sensors in the inflammatory cascade?
Mast cells
Which system encourages phagocytosis and leukocytosis at the site of injury?
Complement system
What are the common signs of a local infection according to the text?
Edema, pain, erythema
Which phase of the inflammatory response involves immune cells being activated by inflammatory inducers like pathogens or trauma?
Initiation phase
What is the primary storage site for glycogen in the body?
Liver
Which process involves the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage?
Glycogenesis
What is the function of glucagon in the body?
Signals liver to break down glycogen into glucose
Which hormone aids in converting glucose into glycogen?
Insulin
What is the term used for the process of converting glucose into glycogen?
Glycogenesis
What is the primary role of glucagon in the liver during diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Stimulating glycogenolysis
During DKA, why does the body resort to gluconeogenesis?
To produce glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
What is the difference between gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis?
Gluconeogenesis produces glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, while glycogenesis stores excess glucose as glycogen.
How does insulin deficiency in DKA affect blood sugar levels?
Increases blood sugar levels
What is the primary function of glucagon during DKA?
Stimulating gluconeogenesis
What is the role of fibrin at the site of inflammation?
Promote clot formation and provide a matrix for cell adhesion
What is the main function of cytokines in the inflammatory response?
Communicate with other cells and the brain to regulate inflammation
Which immune cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosing pathogens during inflammation?
Neutrophils
What is the function of basophils in the inflammatory response?
Contain heparin to prevent clotting too quickly
What is the main role of prostaglandins in inflammation?
Regulate inflammation and pain
What is the primary characteristic of MODS?
Progressive dysfunction of two or more organ systems from an uncontrolled inflammatory response
Which of the following contributes to vascular damage in MODS?
Release of inflammatory mediators
What is the main effect of osmotic diuresis in the context of glucosuria?
Release of electrolytes in urine
What distinguishes cerebral death from brain death?
Cerebral death is irreversible loss of cerebrum function but maintains brainstem functions
What role do stress hormones like cortisol and epinephrine play in MODS?
Enhance inflammation
How does DIC complicate organ function in MODS?
By causing microvascular coagulation
What term is used to describe the failure to recognize the form and nature of objects?
Agnosia
Extinction occurs when unilateral stimuli are recognized only when presented:
Bilaterally
Which of the following can be a common cause of selective attention deficits according to the text?
Parkinson's disease
What is the term for the memory loss that ranges from mild to severe?
Amnesia
Which of the following can be a potential cause of alterations in awareness according to the text?
Cerebral contusions
Which type of Alzheimer's disease is considered very rare?
Early-onset Alzheimer's
What is the primary cause of cerebrovascular disease in older adults?
Atherosclerosis
In the context of strokes, what do TIAs refer to?
Temporary ischemic attacks
What is the most common type of stroke?
Ischemic stroke
Which gene mutations are linked with Alzheimer's Disease?
Chromosomes 19 and 21
Which condition is characterized by a compulsion to move, which can be mild or frenzied, and typically increases with stress and voluntary movement?
Akathisia
Which degenerative disorder is characterized by severe degeneration of the basal ganglia, specifically the caudate nucleus, and cerebral cortex?
Huntington's Disease
Which condition involves severe degeneration of the basal ganglia involving the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and presents with symptoms like Parkinsonian tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia?
Parkinson's Disease
Which of the following types of tremors is absent at rest but accentuated by extension or prolonged activity and stress?
Essential Tremor
In which condition does the depletion of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contribute to its pathophysiology?
Huntington's Disease
What term is used to describe the state of alertness?
Arousal
How does damage to a specific site in the brain affect the body?
It causes difficulty with functions in the corresponding part of the body
What is the primary characteristic of consciousness?
State of awareness of oneself and the environment
In case of a left-sided stroke, which side of the body is typically affected?
Right side
What is the role of neurons in the brain?
Communicate with each other using electrical signals
Which term refers to transient disorders of awareness resulting from cerebral dysfunction?
Delirium
Which area of the brain is typically affected in individuals who may identify an object with touch but not visually?
Broca area
What is the term used to describe the progressive failure of many cerebral functions, including impairment of intellectual processes?
Dementia
Which condition is characterized by confusion, agitation, sweating, and aggression and can be a result of drugs or metabolic disorders?
Delirium
What is the inability to communicate using language often caused by stroke or injury to specific parts of the brain?
Dysphasia
A patient with a structural problem in the lower region of the brain, specifically the cerebellum, leading to a decreased level of consciousness, is most likely experiencing:
Brainstem disorders
In the context of decreased consciousness due to a structural issue in the brain tissue, which term best describes a condition related to the upper part of the brain, specifically the cerebrum?
Infarcts
Which of the following conditions is most likely to lead to a decreased level of consciousness as a result of a structural problem within the brain tissue?
Closed-head trauma
If a patient presents with unilateral weakness and vomiting alongside a decrease in consciousness due to an intracerebral structural issue, what type of brain condition is most likely the cause?
Intracerebral infarcts
When evaluating a patient with a structural problem in the brain affecting their level of consciousness, which of the following assessments is crucial in determining the brain's location of dysfunction?
Ability to follow an object and fixed gaze
Which investigation is typically recommended to determine if a stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic?
MRI
What is the most urgent intervention for an ischemic stroke within the first 4 hours?
TPA/TNK
Which factor plays a significant role in causing cerebral edema?
Electrolyte imbalance
In monitoring a patient post-stroke, which assessment scale focuses on mental and motor functions?
National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)
What is the primary goal of controlling hypertension once a stroke is discovered?
Reduce the risk of recurrence
Which symptom would indicate a potential issue with intracranial regulation post-stroke?
Sensory changes
Which intervention may be considered within 24 hours for an embolic stroke?
Thrombectomy
What is a common method used to assess changes in mental or motor functions post-stroke?
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
Learn about how dendritic cells collect information from pathogens and coordinate with B and T cells to mount an immune response. Explore the process of B and T cell activation, memory cell formation, and the resolution phase after pathogen destruction.
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