Demographic Transitions Overview

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Questions and Answers

What determines the size and growth/decline of a population?

Births, deaths, and migration (correct)

Technological advancements

Economic factors alone

Only natural resources

Which statement accurately describes natural increase in population?

Natural increase is the same as total population growth.

Natural increase does not consider migration. (correct)

Natural increase includes migration rates.

Natural increase refers solely to births.

What characterizes Stage 1 of demographic transition?

Population stability with no growth

High birth and death rates (correct)

Low birth and death rates

Exclusively high birth rates with low death rates

What happens during the demographic transition process?

There is a shift from high to lower birth and death rates. Signup and view all the answers

How is the birth rate typically defined?

As the number of individuals born per year per 1000 in the population Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of dying between birth and the first birthday termed?

Infant mortality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a determinant of under-5 mortality?

Access to social media Signup and view all the answers

What percentage reduction in global child mortality was achieved between 1990 and 2015?

56% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is linked to improvements in child mortality rates?

Improvement in women's education Signup and view all the answers

Which challenge is NOT identified in reducing child mortality rates globally?

Rising wealth in nations Signup and view all the answers

What is the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)?

Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of maternal death?

Nutritional deficiencies Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women in LMICs receive the recommended four antenatal care visits?

42% Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with a lower risk of maternal death?

Mothers aged 20-24 with 2nd or 3rd births Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about maternal mortality in high income countries compared to LMICs is true?

LMICs have a higher MMR of 430/100k live births. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by Emergency Obstetric Care (EMoC)?

Treatment for women facing pregnancy-related emergencies Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the risk factors for maternal mortality?

Every pregnant woman faces some degree of risk. Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifetime risk of maternal death based on?

Levels and patterns of maternal mortality and fertility rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

The average number of children a woman would have based on current fertility rates Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a direct proximate determinant of fertility?

Socio-economic status Signup and view all the answers

What does Caldwell's Intergenerational Wealth Flows Theory suggest about fertility rates?

Higher fertility occurs when children are economically beneficial. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to a reduction in Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

Postponement of marriage and maternity Signup and view all the answers

According to Bongaart's Proximate Determinants, which factor is categorized as an indirect determinant?

Cultural practices Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideational shift described by Lesthaeghe?

An emphasis on quality of children over quantity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a precondition to fertility decline according to Coale?

New fertility behavior must be advantageous Signup and view all the answers

What primary socio-economic factor has contributed to the reduction of Total Fertility Rate?

Increased female education Signup and view all the answers

What is a major aspect of the nutritional transition according to Popkin's propositions?

A major shift in population growth and age structure Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'double burden of disease' refer to?

The simultaneous occurrence of underweight and obesity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to changes in dietary patterns according to Popkin's propositions?

The changing role of women in socioeconomic structures Signup and view all the answers

What does the interaction between epidemiological, socioeconomic, and demographic changes affect?

It determines the nature and pace of nutritional transition Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge faced by health services in LMICs regarding disease burden?

Inability to address diverse types of disease burdens effectively Signup and view all the answers

What drives demographic transitions, particularly in relation to mortality?

Mortality rates Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Epidemiological Transition is characterized by aging populations and a life expectancy of approximately 70 years?

Stage 3: Age of degenerative diseases Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of the Epidemiological Transition do middle and old-age mortality improvements occur?

Stage 4: Age of delayed degenerative diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered influential in improving survival rates in a population?

Increased birth rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of Stage 1 in the Epidemiological Transition?

Young populations with high mortality crises Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'nutrition transition' focus on?

Diet and food production relationships Signup and view all the answers

Who expanded the theory of the Epidemiological Transition to include modern mortality experiences?

Olshansky & Ault Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of health transitions in populations experiencing demographic changes?

Increased burden of chronic diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary health intervention that can reduce infant and child mortality?

Combating diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most likely linked to higher life expectancy in a population?

Higher income (GNI) per capita Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes least developed countries (LDCs)?

They are heavily reliant on external financing. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of the cycle between population and development?

Improvement in standard of living. Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor contributing to the unequal distribution of wealth and income?

Economic recessions and inequalities Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'population momentum' imply about population growth?

Population growth can continue despite falling fertility rates. Signup and view all the answers

According to Malthusian Population Theory, what is a potential result of surpassing food production capacity?

A catastrophic population crash. Signup and view all the answers

What do Neo-Malthusians emphasize regarding population growth?

There is an imminent crisis due to unsustainable population growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key argument made by Cornucopian theorists regarding population growth?

Humans will innovate to solve resource scarcity. Signup and view all the answers

How have world populations changed in the last 30 years?

Population has doubled, and incomes have increased. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cohort size of women in reproductive ages play in population growth?

It complements birth rates in influencing population size. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'moral restraint' check involve in controlling population growth according to Malthusian theory?

Promoting celibacy and postponing marriage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ‘Population Bomb’ introduced by Neo-Malthusians?

A warning about imminent overpopulation crises. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor needed to capitalize on the demographic dividend?

Strong family planning programs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes is NOT associated with a demographic dividend?

Increased political corruption Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic factor is crucial for enhancing human capital as part of the demographic dividend?

Investment in human capital Signup and view all the answers

What does a high dependency ratio imply for a country's potential to benefit from a demographic dividend?

Challenges in economic growth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the education dividend?

It seeks higher standards of education and training. Signup and view all the answers

What are the female-controlled methods of contraception listed in the content?

Induced abortion and emergency contraception Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of family planning?

Increased rates of poverty Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why some contraceptive methods may be ineffective?

Supply chain issues Signup and view all the answers

How can the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) impact the total fertility rate (TFR)?

The variety of methods affects the quality of service provision Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is classified as a traditional method of family planning?

Lactational Amenorrhea Method Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics should individuals consider when choosing a contraceptive method?

Characteristics of the method based on personal suitability Signup and view all the answers

Which right is associated with family planning access?

Freedom from coercion and violence Signup and view all the answers

What factor can contribute to ineffective use of family planning methods?

Limited availability of methods Signup and view all the answers

What best defines an unmet need for family planning?

Women exposed to the risk of pregnancy, seeking to delay or avoid pregnancy but not using any contraception Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the causes of unmet needs in family planning?

High literacy rates among women Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant way to address unmet needs for family planning?

Improving access to good quality services and providing choices Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between wealth and contraceptive use?

Higher income levels correlate with increased contraceptive use, though the relationship is not fully defined Signup and view all the answers

What barrier to family planning is highlighted by concerns regarding provider-client relationships?

Fear of side effects and subsequent lack of follow-up care Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary motivation for individuals moving to urban areas?

Improved infrastructure and healthcare access Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the phenomenon of urban poverty being exacerbated in cities?

High levels of air pollution and overcrowding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a potential outcome of circular migration patterns?

Enhanced cultural exchange and continuity Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the term 'urban penalty' as it relates to urban living for the poor?

Urban living often leads to worse health indicators compared to rural settings Signup and view all the answers

What typically drives migration from rural to urban areas in LMICs?

Increased access to transportation and education Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of urbanisation?

Better access to infrastructure at a lower cost of provision Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes true urbanisation?

Urban growth that is accompanied by economic growth Signup and view all the answers

What are megacities defined as?

Cities that exceed 10 million inhabitants Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is commonly faced in rapidly urbanising areas?

High unemployment Signup and view all the answers

What does 'urban involution' refer to?

Living in cities without successful livelihood Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of 'hidden cities'?

Lack of sufficient living space and clean water Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the implications of primate cities?

They tend to dominate the urban pattern and create imbalances. Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted consequence of informal land ownership in urban areas?

Emergence of slum cities with rapid population growth Signup and view all the answers

Which type of forced migration is primarily caused by armed conflict and persecution?

Conflict-induced displacement Signup and view all the answers

What defines an internally displaced person (IDP)?

A person displaced within their own country due to conflict or disaster Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about refugees is true?

Refugees cannot return to their home countries due to fear of persecution Signup and view all the answers

What was the total number of forcibly displaced people worldwide in 2022?

108.4 million Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to the majority of displaced refugees in terms of settlement?

They tend to stay as close to home as possible Signup and view all the answers

Which type of forced migration occurs due to natural disasters or environmental changes?

Disaster-induced displacement Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence for displaced individuals regarding citizenship?

They may become stateless Signup and view all the answers

Which location is most likely where displaced persons might stay temporarily?

Transit camps Signup and view all the answers

What defines a stillbirth?

A baby born dead after 24 completed weeks of pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of pregnancies that end in miscarriage?

25-30% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a live birth?

A birth when the baby shows signs of life such as breathing and heartbeat Signup and view all the answers

What does a miscarriage refer to?

The loss of an embryo/fetus weighing less than 500 grams Signup and view all the answers

How common are stillbirths in England?

1 in every 200 births Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people living with HIV (PLHIV) are located in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)?

2/3 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes 'generalised epidemics' in SSA?

Sexual networking drives the epidemic. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence in SSA due to the impact of HIV and tuberculosis?

Decline in life expectancy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups best represents the concept of 'key populations at risk' in SSA?

Sex workers and intravenous drug users Signup and view all the answers

In concentrated epidemics, what is the characteristic prevalence among key sub-populations?

Greater than 5% Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by subsistence in the context of population growth?

The minimal resources necessary for survival Signup and view all the answers

Which group believes famines are caused primarily by an overpopulation issue rather than food distribution?

Neo-malthusians Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of climate change on population processes?

Direct and indirect effects on fertility rates Signup and view all the answers

What is one ethical concern regarding family planning policies?

They sometimes restrict individual reproductive rights Signup and view all the answers

How might climate change affect childbearing indirectly?

Through increased agricultural disruptions affecting income Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects Malthus's view on assisting poor populations?

It encourages increased reproduction among the poor Signup and view all the answers

What significant change in climate is associated with rising sea levels?

Warming oceans and melting glaciers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions indicates higher fertility rates in relation to greenhouse gas emissions?

Countries with higher greenhouse gas emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary goals of aid in low and middle-income countries (LMICs)?

To improve trade opportunities Signup and view all the answers

Which challenge is NOT commonly faced by Official Development Assistance (ODA)?

Consistent and predictable funding Signup and view all the answers

What issue is largely associated with the effectiveness of aid?

Clarity in the intended impact and actual use Signup and view all the answers

What can result from too many donors and projects operating simultaneously in recipient countries?

Fragmentation of aid efforts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a commonly cited aim of international aid?

To foster economic growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of Overseas Development Aid (ODA)?

To improve the economic development and welfare of developing countries Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a source of Overseas Development Aid?

Domestic private companies Signup and view all the answers

What significant target was set by the UN in 1970 regarding ODA?

0.7% of Gross National Income (GNI) Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is responsible for shaping the international development agenda for ODA?

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Signup and view all the answers

What type of loans are required to be 'concessional' in Overseas Development Aid?

Loans with very low-interest rates compared to market rates Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Births, deaths, and migration impact population size and growth/decline.
Population size is considered closed when migration isn't taken into account.
Natural population increase is the difference between births and deaths.
Birth rate is the number of births per 1,000 people per year.
Death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
Demographic transitions describe historical changes in birth and death rates.
A pattern of high birth and death rates transitioning to lower birth and death rates is typical.
Populations generally grow when birth rates exceed death rates.

Stage 1: Pre-Transitional/Pre-Industrial (<1800s)

High birth and death rates characterize this stage.
Populations tend to remain roughly stable in size.
Young population
Children contribute to household economy
Lack of knowledge about disease prevention and cures
High natural fertility (children are not intentionally limited)
Populations in this stage often experience high rates of child mortality.
High infant and child mortality are common, resulting in high death rates in this stage.
Pre-transitional stage is characterized by high rates of both births and deaths, leading to little or no change in population size.
Typical for pre-industrial societies.

Stage 2:

Death rates decline, due to improvements in public health, sanitation, and child survival, and access to essential nutrition.
Birth rates remain high, leading to population growth.
Epidemiological transition: shift in leading causes of death from infectious to chronic diseases.
Children are more likely to survive into adulthood with better nutrition / sanitation.
Improved public health measures and access to better sanitation/nutrition contribute to the reduction in death rates.
This stage is characterized by a rapid increase in population due to declining death rates while birth rates remain high.
Characterized by improved sanitation, public health measures, and nutrition contributing to reduced death rates, resulting in a population increase.

Stage 3:

Population growth slows: birth rates begin to fall.
Continued decline in death rates.
Increased life expectancy.
Increased urbanization, female literacy, and employment opportunities influence family sizes and fertility rates.
Social changes and increased contraceptive use influence family sizes.
Rising standard of living, with improved access to nutrition and education, influences decision-making regarding family size.
Improved living standards, access to education and healthcare result in smaller family sizes.
This stage marks a transition from rapid population growth to a slower growth rate as both birth and death rates decrease.
Increased urbanization, female literacy, and employment influence both birth rates and life expectancy.
More women enter the workforce, contributing to a reduction in family size.

Stage 4:

Population stabilizes or shows slow growth, largely due to birth rates falling below replacement level.
Both birth and death rates are low.
Societal changes affecting women (increased education and employment opportunities) and increased contraceptive use affect fertility rates.
Population structure shifts towards an older population.
Improved health services and access to increased levels of sanitation and nutrition lead to decrease in death rate, and reduced fertility.
Declining birth and death rates result in a stable or slowly growing population.
Increased lifespan results in a larger proportion of older individuals in the population.

Further Stage 5:

Death rates are higher than birth rates, causing population decline.
Aging population is a result of this decline in population.
This stage is characterized by potential negative population growth.
Access to quality healthcare for elderly.
Increased life expectancy, along with a decreased birth rate, results in a declining population in this stage.
Characterized by a shrinking population due to a low birth rate and a high life expectancy, with more deaths than births.
More common in developed countries, where the population is aging due to low birth rates and increased life expectancy.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of demographic and epidemiological transitions. This quiz covers how births, deaths, and migration influence population dynamics, focusing on the characteristics of the pre-industrial stage. Test your understanding of the birth and death rates and their impact on population stability.