Demographic Transitions Overview
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Questions and Answers

What determines the size and growth/decline of a population?

  • Births, deaths, and migration (correct)
  • Technological advancements
  • Economic factors alone
  • Only natural resources

Which statement accurately describes natural increase in population?

  • Natural increase is the same as total population growth.
  • Natural increase does not consider migration. (correct)
  • Natural increase includes migration rates.
  • Natural increase refers solely to births.

What characterizes Stage 1 of demographic transition?

  • Population stability with no growth
  • High birth and death rates (correct)
  • Low birth and death rates
  • Exclusively high birth rates with low death rates

What happens during the demographic transition process?

<p>There is a shift from high to lower birth and death rates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the birth rate typically defined?

<p>As the number of individuals born per year per 1000 in the population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of dying between birth and the first birthday termed?

<p>Infant mortality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a determinant of under-5 mortality?

<p>Access to social media (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage reduction in global child mortality was achieved between 1990 and 2015?

<p>56% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is linked to improvements in child mortality rates?

<p>Improvement in women's education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which challenge is NOT identified in reducing child mortality rates globally?

<p>Rising wealth in nations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)?

<p>Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of maternal death?

<p>Nutritional deficiencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women in LMICs receive the recommended four antenatal care visits?

<p>42% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with a lower risk of maternal death?

<p>Mothers aged 20-24 with 2nd or 3rd births (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about maternal mortality in high income countries compared to LMICs is true?

<p>LMICs have a higher MMR of 430/100k live births. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by Emergency Obstetric Care (EMoC)?

<p>Treatment for women facing pregnancy-related emergencies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the risk factors for maternal mortality?

<p>Every pregnant woman faces some degree of risk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifetime risk of maternal death based on?

<p>Levels and patterns of maternal mortality and fertility rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

<p>The average number of children a woman would have based on current fertility rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a direct proximate determinant of fertility?

<p>Socio-economic status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Caldwell's Intergenerational Wealth Flows Theory suggest about fertility rates?

<p>Higher fertility occurs when children are economically beneficial. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to a reduction in Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

<p>Postponement of marriage and maternity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bongaart's Proximate Determinants, which factor is categorized as an indirect determinant?

<p>Cultural practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideational shift described by Lesthaeghe?

<p>An emphasis on quality of children over quantity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a precondition to fertility decline according to Coale?

<p>New fertility behavior must be advantageous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary socio-economic factor has contributed to the reduction of Total Fertility Rate?

<p>Increased female education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major aspect of the nutritional transition according to Popkin's propositions?

<p>A major shift in population growth and age structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'double burden of disease' refer to?

<p>The simultaneous occurrence of underweight and obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to changes in dietary patterns according to Popkin's propositions?

<p>The changing role of women in socioeconomic structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the interaction between epidemiological, socioeconomic, and demographic changes affect?

<p>It determines the nature and pace of nutritional transition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge faced by health services in LMICs regarding disease burden?

<p>Inability to address diverse types of disease burdens effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives demographic transitions, particularly in relation to mortality?

<p>Mortality rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Epidemiological Transition is characterized by aging populations and a life expectancy of approximately 70 years?

<p>Stage 3: Age of degenerative diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of the Epidemiological Transition do middle and old-age mortality improvements occur?

<p>Stage 4: Age of delayed degenerative diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered influential in improving survival rates in a population?

<p>Increased birth rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of Stage 1 in the Epidemiological Transition?

<p>Young populations with high mortality crises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'nutrition transition' focus on?

<p>Diet and food production relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who expanded the theory of the Epidemiological Transition to include modern mortality experiences?

<p>Olshansky &amp; Ault (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of health transitions in populations experiencing demographic changes?

<p>Increased burden of chronic diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary health intervention that can reduce infant and child mortality?

<p>Combating diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most likely linked to higher life expectancy in a population?

<p>Higher income (GNI) per capita (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes least developed countries (LDCs)?

<p>They are heavily reliant on external financing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of the cycle between population and development?

<p>Improvement in standard of living. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor contributing to the unequal distribution of wealth and income?

<p>Economic recessions and inequalities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'population momentum' imply about population growth?

<p>Population growth can continue despite falling fertility rates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Malthusian Population Theory, what is a potential result of surpassing food production capacity?

<p>A catastrophic population crash. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Neo-Malthusians emphasize regarding population growth?

<p>There is an imminent crisis due to unsustainable population growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key argument made by Cornucopian theorists regarding population growth?

<p>Humans will innovate to solve resource scarcity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have world populations changed in the last 30 years?

<p>Population has doubled, and incomes have increased. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cohort size of women in reproductive ages play in population growth?

<p>It complements birth rates in influencing population size. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'moral restraint' check involve in controlling population growth according to Malthusian theory?

<p>Promoting celibacy and postponing marriage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ‘Population Bomb’ introduced by Neo-Malthusians?

<p>A warning about imminent overpopulation crises. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor needed to capitalize on the demographic dividend?

<p>Strong family planning programs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes is NOT associated with a demographic dividend?

<p>Increased political corruption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic factor is crucial for enhancing human capital as part of the demographic dividend?

<p>Investment in human capital (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high dependency ratio imply for a country's potential to benefit from a demographic dividend?

<p>Challenges in economic growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the education dividend?

<p>It seeks higher standards of education and training. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the female-controlled methods of contraception listed in the content?

<p>Induced abortion and emergency contraception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of family planning?

<p>Increased rates of poverty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why some contraceptive methods may be ineffective?

<p>Supply chain issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) impact the total fertility rate (TFR)?

<p>The variety of methods affects the quality of service provision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is classified as a traditional method of family planning?

<p>Lactational Amenorrhea Method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics should individuals consider when choosing a contraceptive method?

<p>Characteristics of the method based on personal suitability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which right is associated with family planning access?

<p>Freedom from coercion and violence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can contribute to ineffective use of family planning methods?

<p>Limited availability of methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best defines an unmet need for family planning?

<p>Women exposed to the risk of pregnancy, seeking to delay or avoid pregnancy but not using any contraception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the causes of unmet needs in family planning?

<p>High literacy rates among women (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant way to address unmet needs for family planning?

<p>Improving access to good quality services and providing choices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between wealth and contraceptive use?

<p>Higher income levels correlate with increased contraceptive use, though the relationship is not fully defined (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What barrier to family planning is highlighted by concerns regarding provider-client relationships?

<p>Fear of side effects and subsequent lack of follow-up care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary motivation for individuals moving to urban areas?

<p>Improved infrastructure and healthcare access (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the phenomenon of urban poverty being exacerbated in cities?

<p>High levels of air pollution and overcrowding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a potential outcome of circular migration patterns?

<p>Enhanced cultural exchange and continuity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the term 'urban penalty' as it relates to urban living for the poor?

<p>Urban living often leads to worse health indicators compared to rural settings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically drives migration from rural to urban areas in LMICs?

<p>Increased access to transportation and education (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of urbanisation?

<p>Better access to infrastructure at a lower cost of provision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes true urbanisation?

<p>Urban growth that is accompanied by economic growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are megacities defined as?

<p>Cities that exceed 10 million inhabitants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is commonly faced in rapidly urbanising areas?

<p>High unemployment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'urban involution' refer to?

<p>Living in cities without successful livelihood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of 'hidden cities'?

<p>Lack of sufficient living space and clean water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the implications of primate cities?

<p>They tend to dominate the urban pattern and create imbalances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted consequence of informal land ownership in urban areas?

<p>Emergence of slum cities with rapid population growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of forced migration is primarily caused by armed conflict and persecution?

<p>Conflict-induced displacement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an internally displaced person (IDP)?

<p>A person displaced within their own country due to conflict or disaster (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about refugees is true?

<p>Refugees cannot return to their home countries due to fear of persecution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total number of forcibly displaced people worldwide in 2022?

<p>108.4 million (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to the majority of displaced refugees in terms of settlement?

<p>They tend to stay as close to home as possible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of forced migration occurs due to natural disasters or environmental changes?

<p>Disaster-induced displacement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence for displaced individuals regarding citizenship?

<p>They may become stateless (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which location is most likely where displaced persons might stay temporarily?

<p>Transit camps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a stillbirth?

<p>A baby born dead after 24 completed weeks of pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of pregnancies that end in miscarriage?

<p>25-30% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a live birth?

<p>A birth when the baby shows signs of life such as breathing and heartbeat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a miscarriage refer to?

<p>The loss of an embryo/fetus weighing less than 500 grams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How common are stillbirths in England?

<p>1 in every 200 births (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people living with HIV (PLHIV) are located in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)?

<p>2/3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes 'generalised epidemics' in SSA?

<p>Sexual networking drives the epidemic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence in SSA due to the impact of HIV and tuberculosis?

<p>Decline in life expectancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups best represents the concept of 'key populations at risk' in SSA?

<p>Sex workers and intravenous drug users (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In concentrated epidemics, what is the characteristic prevalence among key sub-populations?

<p>Greater than 5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by subsistence in the context of population growth?

<p>The minimal resources necessary for survival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group believes famines are caused primarily by an overpopulation issue rather than food distribution?

<p>Neo-malthusians (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of climate change on population processes?

<p>Direct and indirect effects on fertility rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one ethical concern regarding family planning policies?

<p>They sometimes restrict individual reproductive rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might climate change affect childbearing indirectly?

<p>Through increased agricultural disruptions affecting income (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects Malthus's view on assisting poor populations?

<p>It encourages increased reproduction among the poor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change in climate is associated with rising sea levels?

<p>Warming oceans and melting glaciers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions indicates higher fertility rates in relation to greenhouse gas emissions?

<p>Countries with higher greenhouse gas emissions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary goals of aid in low and middle-income countries (LMICs)?

<p>To improve trade opportunities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which challenge is NOT commonly faced by Official Development Assistance (ODA)?

<p>Consistent and predictable funding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue is largely associated with the effectiveness of aid?

<p>Clarity in the intended impact and actual use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from too many donors and projects operating simultaneously in recipient countries?

<p>Fragmentation of aid efforts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a commonly cited aim of international aid?

<p>To foster economic growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of Overseas Development Aid (ODA)?

<p>To improve the economic development and welfare of developing countries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a source of Overseas Development Aid?

<p>Domestic private companies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant target was set by the UN in 1970 regarding ODA?

<p>0.7% of Gross National Income (GNI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is responsible for shaping the international development agenda for ODA?

<p>Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of loans are required to be 'concessional' in Overseas Development Aid?

<p>Loans with very low-interest rates compared to market rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Natural Population Increase

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a population in a given year. It doesn't consider migration.

Birth Rate

The number of individuals born per year per 1000 in the population.

Death Rate

The number of deaths per year per 1000 in the population.

Demographic Transition

A description of the historical changes in mortality and fertility rates over time in a population.

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Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes the changes in birth and death rates over time in a population, resulting in a shift from high to low levels.

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Neonatal Mortality (NN)

The probability of a child dying within the first 28 days of life.

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Post-neonatal Mortality (PNN)

The probability of a child dying between 29 days and their first birthday.

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Infant Mortality (1q0)

The probability of a child dying between birth and their first birthday.

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Child Mortality (4q1)

The probability of a child dying between the ages of 1 and 5 years.

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Under-five Mortality (5q0)

The probability of a child dying between birth and their 5th birthday.

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Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.

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Maternal Mortality Rate

The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 women of reproductive age.

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Lifetime risk of maternal death

The estimated probability of a woman dying from pregnancy or childbirth during her lifetime. It's calculated based on maternal mortality levels and fertility rates.

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Maternal death

Any death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of the termination of pregnancy, regardless of the duration or location of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management.

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Indirect maternal death

Deaths caused by pre-existing diseases or unrelated conditions that are aggravated by pregnancy.

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Antenatal care (ANC)

A package of medical interventions for mothers and babies during pregnancy, including advice, nutritional guidance, and health monitoring. It's a key strategy for identifying potential risks and complications.

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Skilled attendant

A skilled healthcare professional trained in childbirth and equipped to handle complications.

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Emergency Obstetric Care (EMoC)

Emergency care provided to women facing life-threatening complications related to pregnancy or childbirth.

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman would have if she experienced the age-specific fertility rates of a population.

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Children Ever Born (CEB)

The total number of live births a woman has had, including those who have died.

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Proximate Determinants of Fertility

Factors that directly influence fertility, such as marriage patterns, contraceptive use, and abortion rates.

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Indirect Determinants of Fertility

Factors that indirectly influence fertility, such as socioeconomic conditions, culture, health, and environment.

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Ideational Shift

The shift from valuing collective well-being to prioritizing individual well-being, leading to a focus on quality over quantity of children.

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Intergenerational Wealth Flows Theory

A theory that argues fertility is high when children contribute to family wealth and low when they are a financial burden.

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Preconditions to Fertility Decline

The idea that fertility decline requires individuals to be ready, willing, and able to adopt new family planning methods.

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Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Fertility

Factors that can influence fertility by making children less economically useful for their parents, leading to lower fertility rates.

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Disease Burden Shift

The change in the prevalence of different types of diseases within a population over time, often linked to factors like economic development and lifestyle changes.

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Double Burden of Disease

The simultaneous occurrence of both infectious diseases, often linked to poverty and poor sanitation, and non-communicable diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes, which are linked to wealthier lifestyles.

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Nutritional Transition

The process by which populations experience changes in their diets and eating habits, often driven by factors like globalization, urbanization, and increased income.

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Food System Influence on Diet

The role of government actions and private companies in shaping food availability, affordability, and dietary choices.

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Socioeconomic Influence on Diet

The way in which changes in how a population lives, such as women working outside the home or increased access to education, can affect dietary habits.

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Stage 1: Age of Pestilence and Famine

The initial phase of the epidemiological transition, characterized by high mortality rates primarily due to infectious diseases and famine. It's the pre-modern era, where populations are young and life expectancy is low, typically around 20-40 years.

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Stage 2: Age of Receding Pandemics

The second stage of the epidemiological transition, marked by declining mortality rates. Infectious diseases become less prevalent, and life expectancy increases to around 50 years. This stage is associated with improved sanitation, nutrition, and healthcare advancements.

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Stage 3: Age of Degenerative Diseases

The third stage of the epidemiological transition, characterized by a shift in the leading causes of death towards chronic diseases. Life expectancy reaches around 70 years, and people live longer, making degenerative diseases more prevalent.

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Stage 4: Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases

The fourth stage of the epidemiological transition, which suggests further improvements in mortality rates, particularly in middle and old age. It is characterized by an increase in life expectancy to around 80 years.

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Stage 5: Stage of Emerging Diseases

A theoretical fifth stage of the epidemiological transition, proposed by Olshansky and Ault, that acknowledges the possibility of increased mortality rates in the future due to emerging threats like antibiotic resistance and global climate change.

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Theory of Epidemiological Transition

The theory that describes the decline in mortality rates and shifts in disease patterns over time. It highlights how the burden of disease changes from infectious diseases to chronic conditions as populations develop.

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Health Transition

A concept that encompasses the cultural, social, and behavioral factors influencing health. It recognizes that health is not solely determined by medical interventions but also by lifestyle choices and social conditions.

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Population Dynamics

Population processes (deaths, births, and migration) influence the size and growth rate of a population over time.

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Population and Development Link

The study of how population changes affect development and vice versa.

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Income Classification of Countries

Countries are classified based on their income level (low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high income) using GNI per capita.

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Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

The poorest and weakest countries in the world, characterized by low and unequal income, weak institutions, and reliance on external financing.

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Multi-dimensional Classification of Countries

Countries can be classified not only economically, but also socially and politically.

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Population Momentum

Population growth will continue even if fertility rates decline, due to the large number of young people entering their reproductive years.

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Malthusian Population Theory

A theory proposing that human population grows exponentially, while food production increases arithmetically, leading to inevitable crisis and population crash.

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Cornucopian Theory

The idea that population growth is not necessarily problematic, and human ingenuity can overcome resource scarcity through technological advances and innovation.

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Boserup's Theory

A theory that population growth stimulates innovation and increased food production, ultimately leading to better living standards.

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Population Challenge

A concept emphasizing the impact of large populations on global development, particularly within developing countries.

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Development and Age structure

The impact of development on the age structure of a rapidly growing population.

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Epidemiological Transition

The shift in disease patterns from infectious diseases to chronic diseases, usually occurring with development and improved healthcare.

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Demographic Dividend

A period where a country benefits from a larger proportion of its population being of working age, leading to increased economic growth and development.

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Education Dividend

A period of significant investment in education and skills development for young people, which can lead to a more educated workforce and greater economic growth.

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Obstacles to Demographic Dividend

Factors that can hinder a country from benefiting from its demographic dividend, including income inequalities, lack of exports, political corruption, gender inequalities, and high dependency ratios.

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Benefits of Demographic Dividend

A situation where a country benefits from a larger proportion of its population being of working age, resulting in increased labour supply, improved productivity, higher income, and greater domestic demand.

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Priority Age Group

The age group between 10 and 24 years is considered a priority for investments in education and skills development, as they represent the future workforce.

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Family planning

The conscious effort of couples to regulate the number and spacing of births using various methods, both natural and artificial.

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Methods of Family Planning

Methods used to prevent, interrupt, or induce pregnancy. They can be natural or artificial.

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Traditional Family Planning Methods

Methods like breastfeeding, abstinence, rhythm method, and withdrawal. They rely on natural cycles and behavior.

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Female-Controlled Family Planning Methods

Methods like tubal ligation, IUDs, hormonal methods, and emergency contraception, generally controlled by women.

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Male-Controlled Family Planning Methods

Methods like condoms and vasectomy, mainly controlled by men.

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Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR)

The percentage of women aged 15-49 who are using a contraceptive method.

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Method Mix

The combination of different contraceptive methods used in a population. A diverse mix can improve the quality of family planning services.

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Benefits of Family Planning

Benefits of family planning include improved health for both individuals and society, economic development, women's empowerment, and better overall child wellbeing.

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Unmet Need for Family Planning

Women who are at risk of becoming pregnant but want to delay or avoid pregnancy, yet are not using any form of contraception.

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Total Demand for Family Planning

The total number of women who want to either delay or avoid pregnancy - this includes women using contraceptives and those who are not.

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Barriers to Family Planning

A situation where women, particularly those in specific communities or socioeconomic groups, face barriers to accessing family planning services like contraceptives and information.

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Causes of Unmet Need

A group of factors that contribute to a lack of access to family planning, such as lack of information, lack of provider training, and concerns about side effects.

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Meeting Unmet Needs

Strategies to improve access to quality family planning services, empowering women to make informed choices about their reproductive health.

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Urbanization

A process where more people live in urban areas, leading to an increase in the proportion of the population living in cities.

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True Urbanization

This type of urbanization is characterized by economic growth and improved living standards in cities.

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False Urbanization

This type of urbanization involves people living in cities without good jobs or decent living conditions.

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Slum Cities

These are informal settlements lacking basic amenities like safe housing, clean water, and sanitation.

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Primate City

A city that dominates the urban pattern of a country and is significantly larger than other cities.

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Megacity

A city with a population exceeding 10 million people.

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Peri-urban Areas

Areas surrounding urban centers that are experiencing rapid growth.

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Challenges of Rapid Urban Growth

The rapid population growth in LMICs combined with slow infrastructure development can lead to serious challenges like overcrowding and inadequate housing.

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Why people migrate to urban areas?

People move from rural to urban areas seeking better job opportunities, higher salaries, access to better healthcare and infrastructure, and the chance to pursue their own business.

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What is circular migration?

The movement of people between two or more places with a repeating pattern, often between rural and urban areas for work or other opportunities.

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What is the 'urban penalty'?

The negative effects of living in a city, particularly for the poor, due to challenges like overcrowding, air pollution, lack of safe housing, and exposure to diseases and natural disasters.

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What are some problems with slums?

Slums often lack access to essential services, have unreliable infrastructure, and face safety issues. These problems can lead to higher costs of living and a lower quality of life for residents.

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How does low-tech agriculture contribute to urban migration?

When cities lack infrastructure, resources, and job opportunities in rural areas, people are driven to seek new opportunities in urban centers. This often happens in countries with low technological development in agriculture, resulting in a surplus of labor in rural regions.

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Forced Migration

The movement of people who are forced to leave their homes due to various reasons like conflict, disasters, or development projects.

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Asylum Seeker

People seeking protection from persecution in another country, but their claims for refugee status haven't been decided yet.

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Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

People who flee their homes within their own country due to conflict, disasters, or human rights violations.

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Refugee

A person unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin due to fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, or political opinion.

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Where do displaced people live?

The areas where displaced people reside, ranging from planned camps to self-settled communities or private accommodations.

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What causes forced migration?

Conflicts, disasters, and development projects can lead to people being forced to move, often resulting in large-scale displacement.

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Impacts of displacement on host countries.

The challenges faced by host countries in providing goods and services like education, housing, and healthcare for large numbers of displaced people.

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Impacts of displacement on displaced populations.

The impact of displacement on populations and communities, including economic, social, and cultural challenges.

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Stillbirth

The death of a baby after 24 completed weeks of pregnancy.

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Miscarriage

The loss of an embryo or fetus before 24 completed weeks of pregnancy.

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Live birth

When a baby is born and shows signs of life, including breathing, heartbeat, and movement.

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Low birth weight

A baby born weighing less than 2.5 kilograms or 5.5 pounds.

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High birth weight

A baby born weighing more than 4 kilograms or 8.8 pounds.

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Generalized HIV Epidemic

A widespread outbreak of HIV in a population with a prevalence rate of over 1%. In this scenario, the virus circulates broadly throughout the population, driven by sexual networks.

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Concentrated HIV Epidemic

An HIV outbreak concentrated within specific groups or sub-populations, with prevalence exceeding 5%. The virus does not spread widely in the general population.

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Key Populations

Groups with a higher risk of contracting HIV due to factors like their sexual practices, injecting drug use, or other behaviors.

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Incidence

The number of new HIV infections occurring over a specific time period.

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Prevalence

The percentage of a population infected with HIV at a specific point in time.

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Population Growth vs. Economic Growth

When population growth outpaces economic growth, it can lead to shortages of resources, such as food, water, and housing, potentially causing hardship for many.

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Malthus's View on Poverty Relief

Malthus believed that helping the poor would only encourage them to reproduce at a faster rate, ultimately leading to more poverty and misery.

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Climate Change

A long-term shift in weather patterns, including higher average temperatures, changes in precipitation, and rising sea levels.

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Impact of Climate Change on Human Life

Unpredictable weather events can directly impact human lives, ecosystems, and infrastructure, leading to economic and social disruptions.

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Climate Change and Fertility: Direct Impact

Climate change can directly affect fertility by influencing factors like heat stress, malaria risk, and child mortality.

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Climate Change and Fertility: Indirect Impact

Climate change can indirectly affect fertility by impacting crop yields and income, which in turn affect family planning decisions.

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Fertility and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Countries with higher greenhouse gas emissions tend to have lower fertility rates, raising questions about the relationship between development and population growth.

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Ethics of Family Planning Policies

The ethical implications of family planning policies are debated, with concerns about violating reproductive rights and the potential for coercion.

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What is Overseas Development Aid (ODA)?

Official aid from wealthy countries to poorer countries, aiming to promote economic development and well-being.

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What is the Development Assistance Committee (DAC)?

A group of countries that work together to coordinate and shape global development, including the allocation of ODA.

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What is the 0.7% GNI target?

The target set by the UN for countries to contribute 0.7% of their Gross National Income (GNI) to ODA.

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What are multilateral development banks?

Organizations like the World Bank that are owned and funded by member governments to provide aid and loans to developing countries.

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What is ODA coordination?

The process of coordinating ODA within a country, between donor countries, and with recipient countries.

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Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Providing financial assistance to developing countries to promote their economic growth, reduce poverty, and address humanitarian needs.

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Aid Dependency

A situation where developing countries become overly reliant on donor funding, potentially hindering the development of their own domestic financial systems and trade.

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Donor Influence

The idea that donors can exert political influence on recipient countries through aid allocation and project decisions.

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Authoritarian Paternalism

When donors treat developing countries as if they are incapable of making their own decisions, undermining their autonomy and ability to manage their own development.

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Aid Fragmentation

The fragmentation of aid efforts, with numerous donors and projects overlapping and competing for resources, leading to inefficiencies and potentially hindering development progress.

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Study Notes

  • Births, deaths, and migration impact population size and growth/decline.
  • Population size is considered closed when migration isn't taken into account.
  • Natural population increase is the difference between births and deaths.
  • Birth rate is the number of births per 1,000 people per year.
  • Death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
  • Demographic transitions describe historical changes in birth and death rates.
  • A pattern of high birth and death rates transitioning to lower birth and death rates is typical.
  • Populations generally grow when birth rates exceed death rates.

Stage 1: Pre-Transitional/Pre-Industrial (<1800s)

  • High birth and death rates characterize this stage.
  • Populations tend to remain roughly stable in size.
  • Young population
  • Children contribute to household economy
  • Lack of knowledge about disease prevention and cures
  • High natural fertility (children are not intentionally limited)
  • Populations in this stage often experience high rates of child mortality.
  • High infant and child mortality are common, resulting in high death rates in this stage.
  • Pre-transitional stage is characterized by high rates of both births and deaths, leading to little or no change in population size.
  • Typical for pre-industrial societies.

Stage 2:

  • Death rates decline, due to improvements in public health, sanitation, and child survival, and access to essential nutrition.
  • Birth rates remain high, leading to population growth.
  • Epidemiological transition: shift in leading causes of death from infectious to chronic diseases.
  • Children are more likely to survive into adulthood with better nutrition / sanitation.
  • Improved public health measures and access to better sanitation/nutrition contribute to the reduction in death rates.
  • This stage is characterized by a rapid increase in population due to declining death rates while birth rates remain high.
  • Characterized by improved sanitation, public health measures, and nutrition contributing to reduced death rates, resulting in a population increase.

Stage 3:

  • Population growth slows: birth rates begin to fall.
  • Continued decline in death rates.
  • Increased life expectancy.
  • Increased urbanization, female literacy, and employment opportunities influence family sizes and fertility rates.
  • Social changes and increased contraceptive use influence family sizes.
  • Rising standard of living, with improved access to nutrition and education, influences decision-making regarding family size.
  • Improved living standards, access to education and healthcare result in smaller family sizes.
  • This stage marks a transition from rapid population growth to a slower growth rate as both birth and death rates decrease.
  • Increased urbanization, female literacy, and employment influence both birth rates and life expectancy.
  • More women enter the workforce, contributing to a reduction in family size.

Stage 4:

  • Population stabilizes or shows slow growth, largely due to birth rates falling below replacement level.
  • Both birth and death rates are low.
  • Societal changes affecting women (increased education and employment opportunities) and increased contraceptive use affect fertility rates.
  • Population structure shifts towards an older population.
  • Improved health services and access to increased levels of sanitation and nutrition lead to decrease in death rate, and reduced fertility.
  • Declining birth and death rates result in a stable or slowly growing population.
  • Increased lifespan results in a larger proportion of older individuals in the population.

Further Stage 5:

  • Death rates are higher than birth rates, causing population decline.
  • Aging population is a result of this decline in population.
  • This stage is characterized by potential negative population growth.
  • Access to quality healthcare for elderly.
  • Increased life expectancy, along with a decreased birth rate, results in a declining population in this stage.
  • Characterized by a shrinking population due to a low birth rate and a high life expectancy, with more deaths than births.
  • More common in developed countries, where the population is aging due to low birth rates and increased life expectancy.

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Related Documents

Demographic Transitions (Part 1) PDF
Under 5 Mortality PDF
L4: Maternal Mortality in LMICs PDF
L5: Fertility Transitions and Drivers
L6 Demographic Epidemiological Transitions PDF
L7: Population Change as a Development Issue PDF
L8: Population Growth and Development PDF
L9: Changes in Population Composition and Development (Demographic Dividends) PDF
Family Planning Methods & Effectiveness PDF
Unmet Needs for Family Planning
L12: Migration In LMICs (Internal Migration & Urbanisation PDF
L13: Migration in LMICs (Forced Migration) PDF
Abortion (Measures and Importance) PDF
L15: Modern Epidemics (HIV Impact on SSA)
L16: Population, Environment, and Climate Change PDF
L17: Overseas Development Aid PDF

Description

Explore the key concepts of demographic and epidemiological transitions. This quiz covers how births, deaths, and migration influence population dynamics, focusing on the characteristics of the pre-industrial stage. Test your understanding of the birth and death rates and their impact on population stability.

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