L12: Migration In LMICs (Internal Migration & Urbanisation PDF

**[L12: Migration in LMICs (internal migration & urbanisation)]** - Urbanisation: process which leads to growth in the proportion of populations living in cities and twos - Natural population growth vs migration (internal or international) - Migration can be national or international, v...

**[L12: Migration in LMICs (internal migration & urbanisation)]** - Urbanisation: process which leads to growth in the proportion of populations living in cities and twos - Natural population growth vs migration (internal or international) - Migration can be national or international, voluntary or forced - 55% of the world's population live in urban areas - 75% urban vs 40% urban in most and least developed countries (respectively) - Benefits of urbanisation - Driver of industrialisation - Opportunities for paid employment as well as increased female labour participation - Better access to infrastructure at a lower cost of provision - Greater efforts in public health and sanitation - Promotes social integration - Catalyst for new ideas and developments (universities, business movements...) - Efficient use of land if development is well planned - True urbanisation is accompanied by economic growth - False urbanisation is living in cities without successful livelihood ('urban involution') - Challenges when urban growth is rapid - Overcrowding, inadequate housing and infrastructure - Inadequate social and educational services - High unemployment - Pollution (air and water) - Two features of contemporary urban development in LMICs hidden cities, rise of megacities - Growth of slum cities (hidden cities) 1 million people in LDCs in slum cities - Slums lack these amenities: - Permanent structure and protection from extreme climate conditions - Sufficient living area - Easy access to clean water - Access to improved sanitation facilities - Secure tenure and protection against eviction - Emergence of slum cities as a result of rapid population growth (\~5% per annum since 1990s) coinciding with slow growth in infrastructure in housing - Also concurs with informal, illegal and undocumented ownership of land - Primate cities: dominate the urban pattern of their country and are disproportionately larger than other cities in the urban hierarchy - These cities have wide economic and political influence but tend to have implications on developments across the rest of the country - Megacities: exceeds 10 million inhabitants - Despite rise in megacities, still not super common - Rising importance of peri-urban areas areas around urban areas - Rising importance of urban-urban migration - Why people migrate to urban areas - Employment prospects - Higher incomes - Urban lifestyles - Access to social services and healthcare - Infrastructure - Enterprise - Active and profitable businesses - Low tech in agricultural areas = area not profitable = people in search of better prospects - High tech in agricultural areas = redundant supply of labour = move to cities - Migration also due to natural disasters, pursuit of wealth and conflict - Migration from rural to urban areas may be a long-term strategy that facilitates economic, social and cultural exchange and continuity - Circular migration: migration between 2 or more places with a repeatability - In LMICs - Growing access to transport - Changes in costs associated with urban areas - Extent to which housing and land in urban areas are productive or assets - Changing family forms and fertility declines men and women seeking education and employment - Remittances to family creating 'income' to family in rural areas - In many countries, urban poor have worse indicators of health than rural dwellers - 'Urban penalty' for the poor - Air pollution (leads to health problems), overcrowding, poor housing, unsanitary HIV and STIs, vulnerability to natural disasters, violence, traffic accidents - 'Urban advantage' masks important socioeconomic differentials - Problems with slums - Far from infrastructure - Services are poor quality and unregulated - Costs (direct and indirect) - Security issues