L13: Migration in LMICs (Forced Migration) PDF

**[L13: Migration in LMICs (Forced Migration)]** - Forced migration/displacement: movements of refugees ad internally displaced people (IDP) including those displaced by conflicts, as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine...

**[L13: Migration in LMICs (Forced Migration)]** - Forced migration/displacement: movements of refugees ad internally displaced people (IDP) including those displaced by conflicts, as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects - Forced migrants can be classified into: asylum seekers, refugees or IDPs - Types of forced migration - Conflict-induced displacement flee their homes due to armed conflict during civil war, violence or persecution on the grounds of nationality, race, religion - Disaster-induced displacement displaced as a result of natural disasters, environmental change or human made disasters - Development-induced displacement compelled to move as a result of policies, infrastructure, usually internally displaced (usually not included in IDP stats as they may be officially considered to be resettled elsewhere) - Types of forced migrants - Refugees: person residing outside his or her country of nationality who is unable or unwilling to return because of fear of persecution on the account of race, religion, nationality or political stance - Asylum seekers: people who have moved across an international border in search of protection under 1951 Refugee Convention but whose claim for refugee status has not yet been determined - Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs): persons who have been forced to flee their homes suddenly or unexpectedly in large numbers due to armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violations of human rights or man-made disasters, and who are within the territory of their own country - 1 person is forcibly displaced every two seconds as a result of conflict/persecution - 2021, 89.3 million worldwide were forcibly displaced compared to 2022, 108.4 million - Most displaced refugees stay as close to home as possible - Conflicts spread into new areas - Changing in political efforts - Destinations become hostile and overcrowded - Changes to border management - People become stateless - Where do displaced people live (impacts the migrant and the host country's ability to provide goods and services) - Planned/managed camps - Reception/transit camps - Self-settled camps - Private accommodation (majority of migrants) - Most people first arrive in host countries/place of displacement at risk (ill, injured or malnourished) - Immediate needs: food, water, shelter, personal safety and protection, healthcare - Refugee children account for 42% of all forcibly displaced people - Children are vulnerable to disease, disrupted education and trauma (mental and physical) - Unaccompanied minors risk forced military recruitment, labour and trafficking - Issues with refugee camps - Unintended long-term presence - Very basic conditions - Refugees completely dependent on aid - Limited independence and opportunities to work and earn - Only basic needs met and basic health services - Issues with private accommodation - Cities offer independence and paid employment not provided in camps which contributes to the local economy BUT... - Restrictions on legality to work - Language and cultural barriers - Social isolation - Overwhelm local services if no additional resources are made available - Tension between refugees and local population - Gender-based violence (GBV) can increase during armed conflict (weapon of war) - Opportunistic GBV as a result of breakdown of law and order/community norms - Transactional sex, exploitation and increased child marriage - Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a neglected issue - Long-term strategies for refugees and IDPs voluntary repatriation, local integration, settlement & resettlement - Slow shift from state of emergency to unresolved to impermanent permanency - Changes needed to support long-term displaced people (rights, citizenship, education, health, housing ) - Livelihood strategies (banking, loans, work permits, pensions)