Cyst, Ulcer, Fistula & Sinus Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a cyst?

A fluid filled sac bound by a wall (correct)

A collection of blood in a cavity

A solid mass with no fluid content

A structure lined with muscle tissue

What distinguishes a true cyst from a false cyst?

True cyst is always congenital, false cyst is acquired

True cyst is always cancerous, false cyst is benign

True cyst contains clear fluid, false cyst contains pus

True cyst is lined with epithelial or endothelial cells, false cyst is not lined by epithelium (correct)

Where can a sequestration dermoid be found?

Within the brain ventricles

In the lungs and respiratory tract

In the abdominal cavity

Midline of the body, outer canthus, anterior triangle of mouth (correct)

What type of material might be found in a sequestration dermoid?

Paste-like material Signup and view all the answers

What is a sinus?

A blind tract lined with granulation tissue leading from an epithelial surface into surrounding tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an acquired cause of sinus?

Pilonidal sinus Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of a thyroglossal fistula?

Congenital factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

Congenital factors Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to the persistence of a sinus or fistula?

Radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is an arterio-venous fistula (A-V fistula)?

A connection between an artery and a vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of a traumatic cyst?

Caused by injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of a retention cyst?

Result from the accumulation of secretion in glands due to obstruction of ducts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of parasitic cysts?

Parasitic infestation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication associated with cysts?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique may be required for deep-seated intra-abdominal or thoracic cysts?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic feature of an ulcer?

Progressive destruction of the epithelium and a granulating base. Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic feature of a fistula?

Communicating track between two epithelial surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary management approach for ulcers?

Treating the cause of the ulcer, identifying and correcting comorbid factors, adequate drainage and debridement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary approach for managing fistulas?

Accurate assessment, treatment of underlying cause, drainage, wound care with hydrogel, alginate, lyofoam, tegaderm. Signup and view all the answers

What are compression symptoms associated with?

Haemorrhage in thyroglossal cyst. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most common causes of inflammation?

Viral infections Signup and view all the answers

Which microbes can cause inflammation?

Viruses and bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristic responses of living tissue to injury?

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function Signup and view all the answers

What do bacteria release that can contribute to inflammation?

Specific toxins - either exotoxins or endotoxins Signup and view all the answers

What are the stimuli for acute inflammation?

Infections, microbial toxins, tissue necrosis, trauma Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes chronic inflammation?

Long duration and presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What can cause chronic inflammation?

Persistent injury or infection, prolonged exposure to toxins, autoimmune diseases Signup and view all the answers

What can cause endothelial damage leading to acute inflammation?

Infections, microbial toxins Signup and view all the answers

What is the response to an injury or infection that typically resolves once the injury has been addressed or the infection has been cleared?

Acute inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What chemical mediators can cause endothelial cell retraction leading to intercellular gaps and vascular leakage?

Cytokines and chemokines Signup and view all the answers

What can cause chronic inflammation in autoimmune diseases?

Damage to affected tissue by chronic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What can result in chronic inflammation?

Persistent infections or organisms resistant to clearance by the body Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions does chronic inflammation tend to occur?

Persistent infection, repeated episodes of acute inflammation, prolonged exposure to toxins. Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of autoimmune diseases with chronic inflammation as a common component?

Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis. Signup and view all the answers

What can result from the multiplication of viruses inside host cells?

Cell death Signup and view all the answers

What can bacteria emit that causes hypersensitivity reactions?

Specific gases (toxins) Signup and view all the answers

What can physical or chemical agents such as irritants and corrosive substances cause?

Tissue damage leading to inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What results from insufficient oxygen or nutrients due to inadequate blood flow?

Tissue necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What are the systemic effects of inflammation?

Fever, malaise, and leukocytosis Signup and view all the answers

"Fever is thought to enhance the efficiency of leukocyte killing and impair the replication of many invading organisms." This statement is associated with which condition?

"Infection" Signup and view all the answers

What can persistent inflammation lead to?

Chronic diseases such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer Signup and view all the answers

What can inflammation affect that leads to neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease?

The central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many diseases and can be both protective and harmful?

The immune response to inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for maintaining optimal health?

A balanced immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is a common systemic response to inflammation often associated with infection?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

b-Tubuloembryonic cysts: collection of embryonic remnants, includes ependymal cyst (thryoglossal cyst, Ependymal cyst), acquired, and parasitic cysts.
Cysts can be classified based on their origin:
- Retention cysts: result from the accumulation of secretion in glands due to obstruction of ducts (sebaceous cyst, parotid gland cyst).
- Traumatic cysts: caused by injury, such as a cystic tumor (cystic teratoma, cystadenoma).
- Degeneration cyst: degenerative changes within a cyst.
- Distension cyst: distension from the accumulation of fluid within a cyst (thyroid cyst, lymphatic cyst, hydrocele).
- Parasitic cyst: caused by parasitic infestation, such as a hydatid cyst.
Clinical features vary according to site and size of the cyst:
- Pain: enlarging cysts, secondary to haemorrhage, infection, rupture, or torsion.
- Compression symptoms: haemorrhage in thyroglossal cyst, large ovarian cyst, obstruction to pelvic veins, causing varicose veins of the lower limbs.
Diagnosis can be obvious in superficial cysts but may require ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI for deep-seated intra-abdominal or thoracic cysts.
Complications include infection, haemorrhage, torsion, obstruction, calcification, and malignancy (rare).
An ulcer is a break in the continuity of an epithelial surface, characterized by progressive destruction of the epithelium and a granulating base.
Clinical examination includes assessment of size, shape, edge, floor, base, discharge, surrounding area, and lymph nodes.
Management involves treating the cause of the ulcer, identifying and correcting comorbid factors, adequate drainage and debridement, antiseptics and topical antibiotics, and wound dressings (hydrogel, alginate, lyofoam, tegaderm, alleyn).
A fistula is a communicating track between two epithelial surfaces, commonly between a hollow viscus and the skin (external fistula) or between two hollow viscera (internal fistula). The track is lined with granulation tissue and subsequently epithelialized.
Fistulas require accurate assessment, as well as treatment of the underlying cause, drainage, and wound care with hydrogel, alginate, lyofoam, tegaderm, and alleyn.
Viruses can cause cell death through multiplication inside host cells, leading to cell death or cell explosion, resulting in additional death.
Bacteria emit specific gases (toxins) that can cause hypersensitivity reactions, resulting in inappropriate or excessive immune responses that damage tissues.
Physical or chemical agents such as irritants and corrosive substances cause tissue damage leading to inflammation, which may occur through physical trauma, ultraviolet or other ionizing radiation, burns or excessive cooling (frostbite).
Tissue necrosis, death of tissues, results from insufficient oxygen or nutrients due to inadequate blood flow, which is a potent inflammatory stimulus, often accompanied by an acute inflammatory response.
Inflammation has both systemic and local effects. Systemic effects include fever, malaise, and leukocytosis, which is the presence of an abnormally high number of circulating white blood cells, often indicating a bacterial infection in the case of increased neutrophils, or a viral infection in the case of increased lymphocytes.
Fever is a common systemic response to inflammation, often associated with infection, and is thought to enhance the efficiency of leukocyte killing and impair the replication of many invading organisms.
Persistent inflammation can lead to chronic diseases such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer, and can result in tissue damage and fibrosis.
Inflammation can also affect the central nervous system, leading to neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
The immune response to inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many diseases and can be both protective and harmful. A balanced immune response is essential for maintaining optimal health.

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Test your knowledge about cysts, ulcers, fistulas, and sinuses. Learn about the characteristics of cysts including being fluid-filled sacs bound by a wall, the types of cysts, and their contents.

Cyst, Ulcer, Fistula &amp; Sinus Quiz

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