Cultural Resource Management and Human Evolution
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Questions and Answers

Which advantage did Homo sapiens have over Neanderthals in tool-making?

  • More efficient ambush hunting with handheld tools
  • Preference for hunting large predators
  • Tools limited to close-range hunting
  • Better projectile weapons for safer hunting (correct)

Neanderthals had a flexible diet with a wide variety of prey, which helped them survive environmental shifts.

False (B)

What limitation in their diet made Neanderthals more vulnerable during environmental shifts?

Heavy reliance on large mammals

Homo sapiens' ability to use __________ weapons allowed for more effective hunting over Neanderthals' close-range tools.

<p>projectile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Hn = Dietary rigidity Hs = Dietary flexibility Basal Metabolic Rate = Higher energy requirement for larger bodies in cold climates Cave Bears = Competitors for shelter who were hunted by humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law requires museums to inventory Native American remains and consult with affiliated tribes?

<p>NAGPRA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) Section 106?

<p>To require federal agencies to consider the impact of their actions on historic properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ is the relationship of shared group identity, as defined by NAGPRA, which links current tribes to ancestral remains.

<p>Cultural Affiliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ___ phase of CRM archaeology involves determining the importance and eligibility of a site for preservation or further excavation.

<p>Evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The official register of important historical sites is known as the ___ __ ___ ___.

<p>National Register of Historic Places</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary weapon used by Neanderthals was projectiles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Shipman's hypothesis regarding Neanderthal extinction?

<p>Homo sapiens outcompeted Neanderthals during a period of climate change due to partnerships with wolf-dogs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following CRM terms with their definitions:

<p>Human Remains = Physical remains of Native American ancestry Funerary Objects = Items buried with remains Sacred Objects = Items needed for tribal religious practices Objects of Cultural Patrimony = Items of communal significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did ancient DNA studies at Pueblo Bonito reveal about social organization in Chaco Canyon?

<p>Lineage was matrilineal, passed down through the mother's line (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed significantly to the collapse of the Chaco civilization?

<p>Climate change and droughts in the AD 1100s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of the post-Chaco Pueblo communities?

<p>Cooperative farming and kinship-based governance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Chaco Canyon, great houses like _______ served as centers for storage, ritual, and redistribution.

<p>Pueblo Bonito</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kivas were primarily used for agricultural activities in Pueblo culture.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What climatic change occurred after AD 1000 that benefited the Chaco Canyon's agriculture?

<p>More predictable rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:

<p>Kiva = A ceremonial structure in Pueblo culture Great Houses = Centers for ritual and storage Matrilineal Lineage = Lineage passed down through the mother Climate Change = Primary factor in the collapse of Chaco civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to elites in Chaco Canyon as resources became scarce?

<p>Elites moved out of Chaco</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Graeber and Wengrow's idea of 'carnival parade of forms'?

<p>The existence of a variety of egalitarian and hierarchical urban forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Çatalhöyük, what was the purpose of 'History Houses'?

<p>Communal meeting places with elaborate burials and decorations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of Çatalhöyük suggests a connection to ancestral memory?

<p>Burials of ancestors beneath the house floors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Graeber and Wengrow's 'carnival parade of forms' suggests that early cities could be both ______________ and hierarchical.

<p>egalitarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of the ______________ effect describes how societies become resistant to change once they adopt complex structures, such as centralized governance or agriculture.

<p>Ratchet</p> Signup and view all the answers

______________ were communal structures in Çatalhöyük with significant burials and decorations, serving as focal points for ritual activities and family memory.

<p>History Houses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Çatalhöyük is considered the first city, or proto-city, starting around 7500 BC.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

<p>Rousseau's essay = Hunter-gatherers to agriculture leads to inevitable inequality Counter argument = Early cities were egalitarian Self-conscious statements = Cities exhibit civic unity Urban Identity = Connection of groups through shared ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

What time period is known as the Viking Age?

<p>AD 750 -- 1050 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept from Neil Price's Children of Ash and Elm suggests a reassessment of the Vikings?

<p>That Vikings had a more complex, multicultural society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Viking raids play in their society beyond mere violence?

<p>Raids were a manifestation of economic policy to gain wealth and improve social standing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event is marked by the Viking raid on Lindisfarne in AD 793?

<p>The beginning of the Viking Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Vikings spoke _______ and made inscriptions in runes.

<p>Old Norse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viking raids were solely aimed at acquiring new territories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Viking-related terms with their descriptions:

<p>Norse religion = Belief system before Christianity Vinland = Norse settlement in North America Salme Ship burials = Evidence of Baltic Sea Viking activity Polygyny = Marriage of a man to multiple women</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major influence on Viking expansion during the Viking Age?

<p>Political competition, economic stimulus, and social pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) Section 106

Requires federal agencies to consider the impact of their actions on historic properties, helping to protect them.

NAGPRA

Law requiring museums to inventory Native American human remains and consult with affiliated tribes.

Cultural Affiliation (NAGPRA)

Shared group identity linking current tribes to ancestral remains.

CRM Archaeology: Evaluation Phase

Determining a site's importance and eligibility for preservation or further excavation.

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National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)

Official register of important historical sites.

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Human Remains (NAGPRA)

Physical remains of Native American ancestry.

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Funerary Objects (NAGPRA)

Items buried with remains.

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Invasive Species (Human)

Human beings as a species with impact on other species.

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Neanderthal dietary rigidity

Neanderthals had a diet heavily reliant on large mammals, making them vulnerable to environmental changes.

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Homo sapiens dietary flexibility

Homo sapiens had a more varied diet, allowing them to adapt to different environments.

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Neanderthal toolmaking limitation

Neanderthals primarily used close-range tools for hunting, making them less effective than Homo sapiens weapons.

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Wolf-dog symbiosis benefit

Early humans may have benefited from mutually beneficial relationships with early wolves, possibly leading to improved hunting opportunities.

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Homo sapiens projectile weapons advantage

Homo sapiens' use of projectile weapons allowed for more effective hunting from a distance, compared to Neanderthal close-range tools.

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Matrilineal Lineage

Lineage passed down through the mother's line.

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Chaco Collapse

The decline of the Chaco civilization, possibly due to a combination of environmental stress and over-reliance on limited resources under centralized power.

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Kiva

A ceremonial structure in Pueblo culture, used as a social and ritual hub.

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Pueblo Bonito

A significant great house in Chaco Canyon, where ancient DNA studies revealed a matrilineal lineage.

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Chaco Canyon Collapse - Cause

A combination of environmental stress (e.g., droughts) and issues caused by an over-reliance on external resources under centralized power.

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Post-Collapse Practices

Sustainable practices, cooperative farming, water management, and kinship-based governance developed after the Chaco collapse.

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Great Houses

Large structures in Chaco Canyon used for storage, ritual, and redistribution.

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Chaco Canyon (AD 1000-1150)

A period of centralized power, trade, and social hierarchy in the Chaco region that eventually collapsed.

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Graeber and Wengrow's idea

Early cities could have diverse forms, both egalitarian and hierarchical, not following a single evolutionary path.

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Çatalhöyük History Houses

Communal structures in Çatalhöyük with significant burials and decorations, used for ritual and family memory.

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Çatalhöyük ancestral memory

Burials of ancestors beneath house floors in Çatalhöyük linked to a sense of collective memory.

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Ratchet Effect

A concept describing how societies resist change once adapting to complex structures, like centralized systems.

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Early cities

Cities that could be egalitarian or hierarchical, and not always centered around temples or palaces.

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Çatalhöyük

An early city (or proto-city) that existed around 7500 BC and was characterized by egalitarian social structure, lack of temples and palaces, and ancestors buried under floors.

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Egalitarian city structure

A type of city structure lacking centralized power or elaborate buildings like palaces and temples.

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Viking Age

Period in history when seafaring people from Scandinavia were active.

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Viking Age Dates

The period from approximately AD 750 to 1050, spanning several centuries.

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Viking Raids' Purpose

Viking raids were a part of a complex economic strategy, not just violence. They aimed to gather wealth, enhance social standing, and improve personal prospects, such as marriage opportunities.

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Children of Ash and Elm

A book by Neil Price that presented a fresh perspective challenging the traditional understanding of Vikings by emphasizing their complex, multifaceted world.

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Viking Society Diversity

The Viking world spanned various cultures and ethnicities, contrary to some historical portrayals.

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Viking Age Beginnings

Factors contributing to the start of the Viking Age include political disputes, economical growth, social motivations, and Norse worldview.

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Lindisfarne Raid

This raid, often considered the beginning of the Viking Age, occurred in 793.

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Viking Settlement vs. Raids

Initially, Viking raids were dominant but gave way to permanent settlement, intermarriages, and assimilation with local communities.

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Viking Sources Limitations

Sagas, created centuries after the events, and archaeological discoveries with limitations to evidence, pose challenges in accurately understanding Viking society.

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Study Notes

Cultural Resource Management (CRM)

  • Key Laws: National Historic Preservation Act (1966), NAGPRA (1990), National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) criteria
  • NAGPRA (1990): Identifies shared group identity linking current tribes to ancestral remains. Examples include Kennewick Burial Case and phases of CRM Archaeology (survey, evaluation, data recovery). Categorizes remains as human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony
  • National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) Section 106: Requires federal agencies to consider the impact of their actions on historic properties, including protection of Native American religious practices.
  • Archaeological Resources Protection Act: Law that requires museums to inventory Native American remains and consult with affiliated tribes.

Invaders (Neanderthals and Humans)

  • Shipman's hypothesis: Humans outcompeted Neanderthals in a period of climate change, with a potential partnership with wolf-dogs.
  • Predictions: Extreme cold/fluctuations, ambush predators (Neanderthals) vs. projectiles and distance running (Humans)
  • Human advantages: Projectile weapons increased hunting efficiency over Neanderthal handheld tools. Dietary flexibility vs. Neanderthal dietary rigidity. Humans had a smaller percentage of Neanderthal genome. Carrying capacity limits, higher basal metabolic rates (BMR) in Neanderthals, compared to humans

Anasazi America (Chaco Canyon)

  • Jemez Pueblo Study: Indigenous forest management practices examined in Chaco Canyon, AD 1000-1150

  • Matrilineal Lineage: Lineage passed down through mother's line, a significant aspect of Pueblo culture.

  • Collapse of Chaco Canyon: Factors include environmental stress (climate change, drought), over-reliance on external resources, and reliance on centralized power.

  • Post-collapse Communities: Developed sustainable agricultural practices, cooperation, and kinship-based governance.

Cities

  • Graeber and Wengrow's "Carnival Parade of Forms": Concept that early cities were both egalitarian and hierarchical, challenging the traditional linear model of social evolution.
  • Rattchet Effect: Societies become resistant to change after adopting complex structures.
  • Çatalhöyük: Example of an early city in Turkey (7500 BC) with no temples or palaces, but evidence of egalitarianism
  • History Houses: Community meeting places in Çatalhöyük, with burials and decorations
  • Social Transformations Vs. Collapse: Cities had various forms, ranging in civic unity, presence of temples and palaces. Various social organization and transformations.

Vikings

  • Viking Age: AD 750-1050.
  • Inscriptions: Vikings used runes, spoke Old Norse and were eventually converted to Christianity
  • Raiding: Vikings conducted raids for wealth, marriage, and political competition, but these were not solely violent. In addition, the raids were sometimes a means to improve social standing and political power, as evident in economic policy

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Second Midterm Review: Cultural Resource Management & Anasazi America PDF

Description

This quiz explores key laws in Cultural Resource Management (CRM) including the National Historic Preservation Act and NAGPRA, alongside the impact of human evolution on Neanderthals. Test your knowledge on significant archaeological laws and hypotheses regarding human competition with Neanderthals. Understand the relationship between historical preservation and cultural identity.

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