Second Midterm Review: Cultural Resource Management & Anasazi America PDF

**[Cultural Resource Management (CRM) ]** **Key CRM Laws:** **National Historic Preservation Act (1966)** **NAGPRA (1990)** **National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) Criteria:** **Events People Design/Style Information** **Cultural Affiliation (NAGPRA) - Shared grp identity linking current...

**[Cultural Resource Management (CRM) ]** **Key CRM Laws:** **National Historic Preservation Act (1966)** **NAGPRA (1990)** **National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) Criteria:** **Events People Design/Style Information** **Cultural Affiliation (NAGPRA) - Shared grp identity linking current tribes to ancestral remains** **Kennewick Burial Case - Notable NAGPRA case on identity and repatriation** **Phases of CRM Archaeology - Survey, Evaluation, Data Recovery** **NAGPRA Terms:** **Human Remains - Physical remains of Native American ancestry** **Funerary Objects - Items buried with remains** **Sacred Objects - Items needed for tribal religious practices** **Objects of Cultural Patrimony - Items of communal significance** Which law requires museums to inventory Native Am remains and consult with affiliated tribes? A. Antiquities Act B. National Historic Preservation Act C. NAGPRA D. Archaeological Resources Protection Act What is the main purpose of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) Section 106? A. To allow for the unrestricted excavation of cultural sites B. To create a nationwide inventory of cultural resources C. To require federal agencies to consider the impact of their actions on historic properties D. To protect Native American religious practices \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the relationship of shared group identity, as defined by NAGPRA, which links current tribes to ancestral remains. The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ phase of CRM archaeology involves determining the importance and eligibility of a site for preservation or further excavation. The official register of important historical sites is known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Invaders]** **Shipman's hypothesis re Neanderthal extinction** **H.s. outcompeted H.n. in a period of climate change - partnership w/ wolf-dogs** **Predictions for the bio record? For the archaeo record?** **Extreme cold / extreme fluctuations** **Hn: Ambush predators, Handheld weapons** **Hs: Projectiles, distance running** **Humans a form of invasive species** **ca. 40,000 years ago: Human arrival** **Projectile Weapons -- H sapiens' tools incrd hunting efficiency over Ns\' handheld tools** **aDNA studies: sm. Percentage of Neanderthal genome persists in humans** **Hn -- dietary rigidity** **Hs -- dietary flexibility** **Trophic pyramid: Both Hn and Hs at the top** **Carrying capacity limits** **Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) -- Energy required for Ns higher due to lrgr bodies/cold clim** **Cave Bears -- Competitors for shelter; hunted by humans** Which advantage did Homo sapiens have over Neanderthals in tool-making? A\) Better projectile weapons for safer hunting B\) Tools limited to close-range hunting C\) More efficient ambush hunting with handheld tools D\) Preference for hunting large predators What dietary limitation contributed to Neanderthals' vulnerability during environmental shifts? A\) High reliance on marine resources B\) Heavy reliance on large mammals C\) Flexible diet with wide variety of prey D\) Lack of carnivorous food sources The \"wolf-dog symbiosis\" hypothesis suggests that early humans may have benefited from: A\) Enhanced cooperative hunting with Neanderthals B\) Mutually beneficial relationships with early wolves C\) Improved shelter options due to shared caves D\) Increased interbreeding with Neanderthals Homo sapiens' ability to use \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ weapons allowed for more effective hunting over Neanderthals' close-range tools. **[Anasazi America]** **Jemez Pueblo Study: Indigenous forest management limited wildfires** **Power vs. Efficiency - Centralized control (power) vs. sustainable practices (efficiency)** **Chaco Canyon (AD 1000 -- 1150) - Centralized power, trade, hierl social structure, collapsed** **Pueblo Bonito - Great house in Chaco where ancient DNA studies revealed matrilineal lineage** **Matrilineal Lineage - Lineage passed down through mother's line, confirmed in Chaco** **Kiva - A ceremonial structure significant in Pueblo culture, used as a social and ritual hub.** **"Kicker": Climate change** **More predictable rain after AD 1000** **Chaco canyon: Heartland, Great houses, Outliers, Chaco roads** **Small houses Poor health, diet, phys activity** **Great Houses Taller, lower child mortality** **Pueblo Bonito: Rich burials** **Great houses: storage, ritual, redistribution** **AD 1100s droughts** **More roads, rituals, and great house construction** **Point of diminishing returns** **Elites move out of Chaco** **Stockades, burned sites, dismembered bodies** **Collapse - Combo of envt'l stress and over-reliance on ext res under centralized power** **Post-collapse: sustainable practices, coop. farming, water management, kinship-based gov.** **Late 1400s -- early 1500s: golden age** What did ancient DNA studies at Pueblo Bonito reveal about social organization in Chaco Canyon? A\) Patrilineal lineage dominated leadership roles B\) Lineage was matrilineal, passed down through the mother's line C\) Leadership was primarily merit-based D\) All leadership roles were shared among different lineages Which factor contributed significantly to the collapse of the Chaco civilization? A\) Over-reliance on a matrilineal leadership system B\) Climate change and droughts in the AD 1100s C\) Loss of Chaco Canyon\'s status as a heartland D\) Invasion by neighboring tribes What is one characteristic of the post-Chaco Pueblo communities? A\) Emphasis on power and hierarchy B\) Centralized control over trade and rituals C\) Cooperative farming and kinship-based governance D\) Heavy reliance on great houses for storage and ritual In Chaco Canyon, great houses like \_\_\_\_\_\_ served as centers for storage, ritual, and redistribution. Concept of \_\_ versus \_ sys highlights the distinction b/w centralized control & sustainable practices **[Cities ]** **10,000** **The Dawn of Everything (Graeber and Wengrow book): "Carnival parade of political forms"** **Rousseau's essay: Hunter-gatherers \--\> agriculture = Inevitable inequality** **Counter argument: number of early cities egalitarian** **Temples and palaces not always present** **Cities: Self-conscious statements of civic unity** **Groups unified by devotion to ancestors (e.g., Catalhoyuk)** **Counter argument: Ratchet Effect** **Çatalhöyük: First city (or "proto-city")** **7500 BC start** **No temples or palaces -- egalitarian** **Human remains in pits beneath floors** **History Houses** **Urban Identity** **Roof Access** **Stratigraphy in House Floors and Trash Pits** **Social Transformation vs. Collapse** Which of the following best describes Graeber and Wengrow's idea of "carnival parade of forms"? A\) Cities that are organized around temples and palaces B\) The existence of a variety of egalitarian and hierarchical urban forms C\) Cities that strictly follow a linear evolution model D\) The influence of modern technology on early cities In Çatalhöyük, what was the purpose of \"History Houses\"? A\) Defense structures at the edge of the settlement B\) Communal meeting places with elaborate burials and decorations C\) Storage facilities for surplus food and goods D\) Spaces reserved for political decision-making Which feature of Çatalhöyük suggests a connection to ancestral memory? A\) Large central plazas for public gatherings B\) Burials of ancestors beneath the house floors C\) High walls decorated with murals D\) Written records of family histories Graeber and Wengrow's "carnival parade of forms" suggests that early cities could be both \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and hierarchical, challenging the traditional linear model of social evolution. The concept of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ effect describes how societies become resistant to change once they adopt complex structures, such as centralized governance or agriculture. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ were communal structures in Çatalhöyük with significant burials and decorations, serving as focal points for ritual activities and family memory. **[Vikings]** **Ancient seafaring people from Scandinavia** **Viking Age ca. AD 750 - 1050** **Spoke Old Norse and made inscriptions in runes** **Old Norse religion, later became Christians** **Crossed Atlantic (Vinland)** **Sailed rivers of Russia, Baghdad, Paris, London** **Seasonal campaigns led to continual presence** **Viking raids violent manifestation of economic policy** **Successful raiders improved standing, personal wealth, marriage prospects** **Children of Ash and Elm (Price book)** **Vikings misunderstood, need for reassessment** **Archaeology: Places and objects, but evidence has limits** **The sagas -- date from centuries after events they describe** **Viking world: multi-cultural, multi-ethnic** **Maps and Singularities** **Lindisfarne (earliest Viking raid?)** **Salme Ship burials (Earlier history on Baltic Sea)** **Ladoga: Medieval trading town founded ca AD 750 in today's Russia** **Viking Age's beginnings** **1) Political competition: 8th C. violence, sea-kings** **2) Economic stimulus: centuries of trade to acquire wealth** **3) Social pressures: Polygyny (marriage of a man to several women)** **4) Norse worldvw: Aggressive violence, patriarchal oppression, enslavement** **Labor requirements for ships and sails: Sheepscape and managed forests** **Raiding for enslavement** **Viking raiding gives way to settlement, intermarriage, new people** What time period is known as the Viking Age? A. AD 500 -- 800 B. AD 750 -- 1050 C. AD 1000 -- 1300 D. AD 1200 - 1500 Which concept from Neil Price\'s Children of Ash and Elm suggests a reassessment of the Vikings? A. That they were purely war-focused conquerors B. That Vikings had a more complex, multicultural society C. That they adhered to strict monotheistic beliefs D. That they only settled in North America What role did Viking raids play in their society beyond mere violence? A. Raids were primarily religious missions B. Raids were a manifestation of economic policy to gain wealth and improve social standing C. Raids were intended to spread Old Norse religion D. Raids were only aimed at conquering new lands The Viking raid on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in AD 793 is often considered the beginning of the Viking Age