48 Questions
What does the sampling distribution show?
The probability of obtaining a specific correlation
What is the purpose of testing the null hypothesis using sampling distributions?
To determine the likelihood of obtaining a particular test statistic
What does setting α to p = .05 signify?
Accepting a 5% chance of Type I Error
What is a Type I Error?
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
What does sampling error result from?
Random fluctuations in the sample
How does the sampling distribution relate to testing the null hypothesis?
It determines the probability of obtaining a specific test statistic
What is the purpose of setting α to a specific value?
To control the risk of Type I Error
What is the consequence of a Type II Error?
Failing to find an effect that exists in the population
What is the relationship between sampling error and false positives or false negatives?
Sampling error leads to potential false positives or false negatives
How does the sampling distribution help in understanding the population correlation?
It determines the probability of obtaining a specific test statistic
What is the significance of obtaining a specific test statistic?
It helps evaluate the likelihood of the observed result under the null hypothesis
How does setting α to p = .05 affect the likelihood of Type I Error?
It increases the likelihood of Type I Error
What is one reason for the replication crisis in psychology?
Lack of understanding of NHST and p-values
Why is it hard to get a study with null results published?
Bias toward publishing research with significant results
What does including effect sizes when reporting findings help with?
Understanding the relative strength of the observed effect
What do r-values and R2 values help to interpret?
Strength of the relationship in regression
Why is it suggested to report whole p-values instead of just the alpha criterion?
To avoid reinforcing the idea that meeting the alpha criterion is the only important factor
What happens if data violate the assumptions of parametric tests?
Nonparametric tests should be employed
What is the purpose of applying a correction to p-values when making multiple comparisons?
To account for the increased probability of false positives
Which correction method involves multiplying the p-values by the number of comparisons being made?
Bonferroni correction
What is the preferred approach for applying corrections to p-values when making multiple comparisons?
Holm correction
What is the purpose of setting an alpha criterion in statistical testing?
To control the probability of false positives
What does a Cohen’s d measure in the context of t-tests?
Difference between two means expressed in standard deviations
What is the purpose of including effect sizes when reporting findings?
To provide information about the relative strength of the observed effect
When setting an alpha criterion at $0.05$, what is the chance of observing a false positive?
5%
What is one reason for the replication crisis in psychology?
Bias toward publishing research with significant results
What type of error has a better chance of getting published than a correct rejection?
Type 1 error (false positive)
What is recommended to improve the overall reliability of psychological research?
Teaching students more effectively about how null hypothesis significance testing works
What can tell us about the relative strength of the effect observed in a study?
Effect size
What is a measure of the difference between two means expressed in standard deviations?
Cohen’s d
What is recommended when reporting p-values?
Report exact p-values where possible
What type of tests rely upon assumptions about the properties of distributions such as normality and homogeneity of variance?
Parametric tests
What should be applied when making multiple comparisons to account for the increased probability of false positives?
Appropriate corrections such as the Bonferroni correction
What does the Holm correction do when applied to p-values?
It adjusts the p-values based on the number of comparisons
What happens to the probability of observing a false positive when multiple tests are conducted without applying corrections?
The probability of observing a false positive increases
What is a potential consequence of not employing appropriate analyses when data violate assumptions?
Finding a false positive or a false negative
What does setting α to p = .05 signify?
The likelihood of making a Type I Error is 5% when the null hypothesis is true
What is the significance of obtaining a specific test statistic?
It helps determine the likelihood of obtaining a particular test statistic if the null hypothesis were true
What type of error has a better chance of getting published than a correct rejection?
Type I Error
What is the relationship between sampling error and false positives or false negatives?
Sampling error can lead to false positives or false negatives
What is the purpose of including effect sizes when reporting findings?
To indicate the strength of the effect observed in a study
What is the purpose of testing the null hypothesis using sampling distributions?
To determine the likelihood of obtaining a particular test statistic if the null hypothesis were true
What is one reason for the replication crisis in psychology?
Sampling error
What happens to the probability of observing a false positive when multiple tests are conducted without applying corrections?
The probability of observing a false positive increases
What is a Type I Error?
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
What is the consequence of a Type II Error?
Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false
What does the sampling distribution show?
The probability of obtaining a particular test statistic if the null hypothesis were true
What is a potential consequence of not employing appropriate analyses when data violate assumptions?
Obtaining a false positive result
Test your critical reading skills with this quiz on Cornell Notes and probability testing. Brush up on your understanding of sampling distribution and its implications through this quiz.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
