Critical Reading and Probability Testing Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the sampling distribution show?

  • The probability of obtaining a specific correlation (correct)
  • The distribution of sample means
  • The most likely correlations to be found
  • The range of correlations in the population

    • What is the purpose of testing the null hypothesis using sampling distributions?

  • To determine the likelihood of obtaining a particular test statistic (correct)
  • To prove the null hypothesis true
  • To estimate the population correlation
  • To validate the alternative hypothesis

    • What does setting α to p = .05 signify?

  • Rejecting the null hypothesis 5% of the time
  • Ensuring a 95% confidence level
  • Accepting a 5% chance of Type I Error (correct)
  • Accepting the alternative hypothesis 5% of the time

    • What is a Type I Error?

    <p>Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sampling error result from?

    <p>Random fluctuations in the sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sampling distribution relate to testing the null hypothesis?

    <p>It determines the probability of obtaining a specific test statistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting α to a specific value?

    <p>To control the risk of Type I Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a Type II Error?

    <p>Failing to find an effect that exists in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between sampling error and false positives or false negatives?

    <p>Sampling error leads to potential false positives or false negatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sampling distribution help in understanding the population correlation?

    <p>It determines the probability of obtaining a specific test statistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of obtaining a specific test statistic?

    <p>It helps evaluate the likelihood of the observed result under the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does setting α to p = .05 affect the likelihood of Type I Error?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of Type I Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for the replication crisis in psychology?

    <p>Lack of understanding of NHST and p-values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it hard to get a study with null results published?

    <p>Bias toward publishing research with significant results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does including effect sizes when reporting findings help with?

    <p>Understanding the relative strength of the observed effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do r-values and R2 values help to interpret?

    <p>Strength of the relationship in regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it suggested to report whole p-values instead of just the alpha criterion?

    <p>To avoid reinforcing the idea that meeting the alpha criterion is the only important factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if data violate the assumptions of parametric tests?

    <p>Nonparametric tests should be employed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of applying a correction to p-values when making multiple comparisons?

    <p>To account for the increased probability of false positives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which correction method involves multiplying the p-values by the number of comparisons being made?

    <p>Bonferroni correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred approach for applying corrections to p-values when making multiple comparisons?

    <p>Holm correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of setting an alpha criterion in statistical testing?

    <p>To control the probability of false positives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Cohen’s d measure in the context of t-tests?

    <p>Difference between two means expressed in standard deviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of including effect sizes when reporting findings?

    <p>To provide information about the relative strength of the observed effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When setting an alpha criterion at $0.05$, what is the chance of observing a false positive?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for the replication crisis in psychology?

    <p>Bias toward publishing research with significant results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of error has a better chance of getting published than a correct rejection?

    <p>Type 1 error (false positive)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended to improve the overall reliability of psychological research?

    <p>Teaching students more effectively about how null hypothesis significance testing works</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can tell us about the relative strength of the effect observed in a study?

    <p>Effect size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a measure of the difference between two means expressed in standard deviations?

    <p>Cohen’s d</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended when reporting p-values?

    <p>Report exact p-values where possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tests rely upon assumptions about the properties of distributions such as normality and homogeneity of variance?

    <p>Parametric tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be applied when making multiple comparisons to account for the increased probability of false positives?

    <p>Appropriate corrections such as the Bonferroni correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Holm correction do when applied to p-values?

    <p>It adjusts the p-values based on the number of comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the probability of observing a false positive when multiple tests are conducted without applying corrections?

    <p>The probability of observing a false positive increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of not employing appropriate analyses when data violate assumptions?

    <p>Finding a false positive or a false negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does setting α to p = .05 signify?

    <p>The likelihood of making a Type I Error is 5% when the null hypothesis is true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of obtaining a specific test statistic?

    <p>It helps determine the likelihood of obtaining a particular test statistic if the null hypothesis were true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of error has a better chance of getting published than a correct rejection?

    <p>Type I Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between sampling error and false positives or false negatives?

    <p>Sampling error can lead to false positives or false negatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of including effect sizes when reporting findings?

    <p>To indicate the strength of the effect observed in a study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of testing the null hypothesis using sampling distributions?

    <p>To determine the likelihood of obtaining a particular test statistic if the null hypothesis were true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for the replication crisis in psychology?

    <p>Sampling error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the probability of observing a false positive when multiple tests are conducted without applying corrections?

    <p>The probability of observing a false positive increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Type I Error?

    <p>Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a Type II Error?

    <p>Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sampling distribution show?

    <p>The probability of obtaining a particular test statistic if the null hypothesis were true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of not employing appropriate analyses when data violate assumptions?

    <p>Obtaining a false positive result</p> Signup and view all the answers

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