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Questions and Answers

What does the sampling distribution show?

  • Correlations of close to zero (correct)
  • Correlations of close to infinity
  • Correlations of various strengths
  • Correlations of close to one

    • What does setting $\alpha$ to $p = .05$ mean in relation to the null hypothesis?

  • Accepting that 5% of the time the true population is not zero
  • Accepting that 5% of the time the true population is zero (correct)
  • Accepting that 95% of the time the true population is not zero
  • Accepting that 95% of the time the true population is zero

    • What is the Type I Error also known as?

  • A True Positive
  • A False Negative
  • A False Positive (correct)
  • A True Negative

    • What does sampling error refer to?

    <p>Error due to taking a sample from a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the properties of sampling distributions in NHST?

    <p>To determine the likelihood of obtaining a particular test statistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of a Type I Error?

    <p>Type II Error (A False Negative)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the null hypothesis testing (NHST) not use to test the null hypothesis?

    <p>Simulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sampling distribution allow us to see?

    <p>The relative probability of obtaining correlations of different strengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of obtaining a particular test statistic in NHST related to?

    <p>The well-known properties of sampling distributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely thing to be found in the sampling distribution?

    <p>Correlations of close to zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of a False Positive in hypothesis testing?

    <p>A False Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of obtaining a particular test statistic in NHST based on?

    <p>The properties of sampling distributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for the replication crisis in psychology?

    <p>Bias toward publishing research with significant results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type 1 error also known as?

    <p>False positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended to improve the reliability of psychological research?

    <p>Include effect sizes in addition to p-values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Cohen’s d used for?

    <p>Measuring the difference between two means expressed in standard deviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reporting exact p-values aim to address?

    <p>Reinforcing the idea that meeting the alpha criterion is crucial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should nonparametric tests be employed?

    <p>When data violate assumptions of parametric tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential problem when making multiple comparisons in ANOVA?

    <p>Increased probability of observing false positives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one solution to address the problem of multiple comparisons in ANOVA?

    <p>Apply Bonferroni correction to the p-values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Bonferroni correction involve?

    <p>Multiplying the p-values by the number of comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Holm correction?

    <p>An alternative approach to correcting for multiple comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem with relying solely on p-values for decision making?

    <p>It does not provide information about effect size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen as sample size increases, even for small effects?

    <p>Small effects can become statistically significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential problem when making multiple comparisons in ANOVA?

    <p>Increased probability of observing a false positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the properties of sampling distributions in NHST?

    <p>To determine the likelihood of obtaining a particular test statistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does setting $\alpha$ to $p = .05$ mean in relation to the null hypothesis?

    <p>Accepting a 5% chance of a false positive under the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of obtaining a particular test statistic in NHST related to?

    <p>The null hypothesis being true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for the replication crisis in psychology?

    <p>Bias toward publishing research with significant results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of a Type I Error?

    <p>False Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended to improve the reliability of psychological research?

    <p>Including effect sizes in addition to p-values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the null hypothesis testing (NHST) not use to test the null hypothesis?

    <p>Effect sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen as sample size increases, even for small effects?

    <p>Small effects become statistically significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Cohen’s d used for?

    <p>Measuring the difference between two means expressed in standard deviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely thing to be found in the sampling distribution?

    <p>Test statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should nonparametric tests be employed?

    <p>When data violate the assumptions of parametric tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of including effect sizes when reporting findings?

    <p>To provide information about the relative strength of the observed effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue with only reporting p-values in terms of the alpha criterion?

    <p>It reinforces the idea that meeting the alpha criterion is the sole basis of statistical decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the replication crisis in psychology according to the text?

    <p>Lack of understanding of NHST and p-values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach for making multiple comparisons in ANOVA to address the increased probability of a false positive?

    <p>Apply a correction such as the Bonferroni correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary drawback of relying solely on p < .05 to determine the significance of findings?

    <p>It does not provide information about the strength of the observed effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of teaching students about NHST and p-values in research methods classes?

    <p>To improve students' ability to interpret research findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of parametric tests such as t-tests and ANOVA?

    <p>They rely on assumptions about distribution properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended alternative if data violate the assumptions of parametric tests?

    <p>Use nonparametric tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with the bias toward publishing research with significant results?

    <p>It contributes to the difficulty of replicating findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

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