Contemporary World - Chapter 9: Global Population and Migration
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of internal migration?

  • Relocating within the same country (correct)
  • Moving between different countries
  • Migrating for family reunification
  • Seeking higher education opportunities

According to neo-classical theory, what primarily drives migration?

  • Environmental factors
  • Government policy changes
  • Maximizing income through labor movement (correct)
  • Cultural exchange

Which factor is NOT emphasized in labor migration theory?

  • Access to entrepreneurial capital
  • Long-term risk management
  • Cultural assimilation (correct)
  • Availability of secure employment

Migration systems theory is primarily concerned with what?

<p>The collaboration between two or more countries to manage migration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Push-Pull theory primarily focus on?

<p>Factors driving individuals to leave and join regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes international migration?

<p>Movement across national borders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory views migration as a family strategy to enhance income and survival?

<p>Labor Migration Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does economic analysis in migration typically emphasize?

<p>Income disparities and employment availability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the second demographic transition?

<p>Birth rates falling below the replacement level. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trend is associated with the second demographic transition?

<p>A broader aging population with fewer younger individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one response of countries experiencing the second demographic transition?

<p>Encouraging replacement migration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has parenting behavior changed according to the second demographic transition?

<p>Couples are postponing their fertility intentions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did experts believe that new marriage patterns emerged related to the second demographic transition?

<p>Starting as early as the 1950s. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant demographic change occurs due to the second demographic transition?

<p>Couples engaging more in extramarital fertility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of international migrants resided in high-income countries as of 2015?

<p>About 67% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do experts believe about the birth rates during the second demographic transition?

<p>They drop significantly below replacement levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region had the largest number of international migrants in 2017?

<p>Asia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does contraception play in the second demographic transition?

<p>It facilitates a later age at first parenthood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country was reported to have the largest number of its citizens living abroad in 2017?

<p>India (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of irregular migrants?

<p>They enter a country without necessary permits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 2015, what was the estimated number of South-to-North migrants?

<p>85.3 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many international migrants were living in high-income countries by 2017?

<p>Approximately 165 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated number of migrants residing in low-income countries as of 2015?

<p>9 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about South-to-South migration compared to South-North migration?

<p>South-to-South migration continued to grow compared to South-North migration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trend regarding marriage discussed in the content?

<p>Declining proportion of married individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism of the second demographic transition?

<p>It is a continuing trend of the first demographic transition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries are presented as examples experiencing the second demographic transition?

<p>Japan and Hong Kong (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Malthusian principle, what is seen as a threat to national development?

<p>Population growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What alternate view does the Marxist principle propose regarding population issues?

<p>Population itself is not the problem; resource distribution is. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of the second demographic transition on child-bearing responsibilities?

<p>Refusal to participate in child-bearing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of rising divorce rates mentioned in the content?

<p>Earlier incidence of divorce (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major factor do advocates of the traditional demographic transition believe is distinct from the second transition?

<p>Social factors and features (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument of the first school of thought regarding population and development?

<p>Population control is necessary for economic development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the first school of thought, what is approaching its limits that impacts population management?

<p>Global resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism does the second school of thought present against the first school?

<p>Only poverty-stricken populations contribute to national issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the second school of thought view the relationship between population and development?

<p>A growing population can lead to greater economic productivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason that a regular migrant may become an irregular migrant?

<p>Involuntary repatriation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied as the solution for curtailing population growth according to the second school of thought?

<p>Investment in education and employment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of human trafficking as defined by international protocol?

<p>Abduction or coercion to achieve consent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact does development have on population structure according to the second school of thought?

<p>Promotes individual self-development, reducing childbearing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'diaspora' refer to?

<p>Communities from a specific country living abroad (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is essential to the concept of transnational communities?

<p>Connections to home communities or other migrant groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best encapsulates the belief of the second school of thought on population?

<p>Population is a crucial factor in national development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do familial and friendship networks play in migration?

<p>They supply information and support for migrants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'carrying capacity' refer to in the context of population control?

<p>The limit of resources that can support a population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances can a regular migrant become irregular?

<p>By remaining in the host country after visa expiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of actions defined under human trafficking?

<p>For the purpose of exploitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a way that migration chains are typically initiated?

<p>By external factors like recruitment or military service (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Second Demographic Transition

A phase of demographic change where birth rates fall below the replacement level, leading to a shrinking population.

Replacement Level

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

Postponement of Parenthood

The practice of delaying having children to a later age, often contributing to lower fertility rates.

Efficient Contraception

The use of methods to prevent pregnancy, allowing couples to control family size and timing.

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Extramarital Fertility

Having children outside of a formal marriage, often within cohabiting relationships.

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New Marriage Patterns

Significant changes in marriage patterns, such as later marriages, increased cohabitation, and alternative family structures.

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Replacement Migration

The movement of people from one country to another, often driven by economic or social factors.

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Broader Aging Population

The trend of an increasing proportion of older people in a population, often due to longer lifespans and lower birth rates.

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Malthusian Principle

A theory suggesting that population growth can hinder economic development by depleting resources and straining infrastructure.

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Marxist Principle

A theory arguing that unequal distribution of resources and power, rather than population growth, is the root cause of development problems.

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Development Theory

A theory emphasizing the importance of human capital and technological innovation for economic development, arguing that population growth can be beneficial by providing a larger workforce and market.

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Demographic Transition

The process of a society moving from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, resulting in a stabilized population.

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Aging Population

The trend of increasing average age of a population due to declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy.

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Liberal Immigration Policies

Policies aimed at attracting and integrating immigrants to address population decline and labor shortages.

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Human Capital

The ability of a country to attract and retain skilled workers and professionals, often through favorable economic and social conditions.

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Internal Migration

Moving from one place to another within the same country.

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International Migration

Moving from one country to another.

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Neo-classical Theory of Migration

Migration driven by the desire to earn a higher income, often moving from a lower-income to a higher-income country.

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Labor Migration Theory

This theory emphasizes that migration is not just about income differences, but also about factors like job security, access to capital, and managing risk.

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Migration Systems Theory

This theory proposes that migration happens between two countries that have established connections, such as through trade, investment, or cultural ties.

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Push-Pull Theory

This theory explains migration as a result of factors that 'push' people away from their current location and factors that 'pull' them towards a new location.

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Push Factors

Factors that make people want to leave their current location, such as poverty, unemployment, or conflict.

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Pull Factors

Factors that attract people to a new location, such as job opportunities, higher wages, or better living conditions.

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Population Control for Development

The idea that population growth needs to be controlled to prevent strain on resources and ensure sustainable economic development.

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Population as an Asset for Development

The concept that a larger population, if equipped with education and employment opportunities, can contribute to economic growth and development.

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Carrying Capacity

The point at which the environment can no longer support a growing population due to limited resources.

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Development as Contraception

The idea that investing in education and employment opportunities for the population leads to economic growth and, ultimately, a decline in population growth.

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Targeting Poverty for Population Control

The belief that focusing on poverty reduction and economic empowerment for those living in poverty is a key strategy to manage population growth.

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Environmental Sustainability and Population

The argument that population control is necessary to prevent resource depletion and environmental degradation.

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Development Policies and Population Growth

The practice of creating policies and programs that promote education, employment, and economic opportunities to improve living standards and influence population growth.

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Population Growth as a Development Outcome

The view that population growth is a natural consequence of development and should be addressed through investments in education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.

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Irregular Migrant

A migrant who has violated their visa conditions, entered a country illegally, overstayed their visa, or is working without authorization.

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Human Trafficking

The process of moving people from one place to another for the purpose of exploitation, involving force, coercion, fraud, or deception.

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Diaspora

A group of people from a specific country living in another country, often with strong connections to their homeland.

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Transnational Communities

Groups of migrants who maintain connections with their home communities and other migrant groups, often forming networks for support and assistance.

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Migration

The act of moving between countries, typically for work or improved living conditions.

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Emigration

The practice of seeking out a new home, often for work, education, or to escape hardship.

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Immigration

Coming to live in a new country, to establish permanent residence.

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Migratory Chains

The patterns of migration that develop over time, often fueled by family connections or prior experiences.

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South-to-North Migration

The movement of people from developing countries to developed countries.

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South-to-South Migration

The movement of people within developing countries.

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Migrant Concentration in Cities

The top 20 largest cities in the world are home to nearly one in five migrants globally.

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Migrant Distribution by Income

The majority of international migrants reside in high-income countries.

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Largest Migrant Population by Origin

The number of Indian individuals living outside India surpasses any other nationality in 2017.

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Regional Origin of Migrants

The largest number of international migrants originate from Asia and Europe.

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Regular Migration

The process of moving from one country to another with the proper documentation and permits.

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Study Notes

Contemporary World - Chapter 9: Global Population and Migration

  • The study of population, or demography, involves the number of people, their characteristics, and distribution in a specific area.
  • Population size and change are important indicators of social transition.
  • Rapid population growth can strain resources, damage the environment (deforestation, fishing, and agricultural land degradation), and increase urban challenges (pollution, traffic, and slums).

Basic Concepts of Demography

  • Population: The number of people in a geographic area, interacting with and deriving subsistence from their habitat.
  • Demography: The scientific study of populations, focusing on their size, distribution, composition, and change. The term comes from Greek words meaning "people" and "writing about."
  • Demographer: A specialist who studies population, gathers data about its characteristics, analyzes these factors and describes the population.

Components of Populations

  • Size: The total number of people in an area.
  • Composition: Characteristics of the population such as age, sex distribution, education, economic activity, ethnicity, and religion.
  • Distribution: How the populations are spread within a given geographic area, often measured by density.

Population Pyramid

  • A graphical representation of population distribution by age and gender.
  • Used to understand population trends, showing whether a population is young or aging, with dependency ratios

Malthusian Theory of Population

  • Proposed by Thomas Robert Malthus.
  • Suggests population grows geometrically (2, 4, 8, 16...), while food supply increases arithmetically (2, 4, 6, 8...).
  • This inherent imbalance leads to food shortages and societal hardship, which can be avoided through "preventive checks" (birth control) or "positive checks" like famine, disease, or war.

Criticisms of the Malthusian Theory

  • Technological advancements have increased food production, surpassing population growth predictions.
  • Global trade allows for the import of food to address localized shortages.
  • Malthus's calculations did not account for future improvements in food production technology.
  • The theory does not consider societal factors like distribution of resources, and class inequalities.

Marxist Critique of Malthus

  • Argues that poverty and scarcity are results of unequal resource distribution in a capitalist system rather than overpopulation.
  • Capitalism creates scarcity by prioritizing profit over addressing basic human needs, regardless of population size.
  • Advocates for social revolution and equitable resource distribution as solutions to poverty rather than population control.

Theory of Demographic Transition

  • Describes a pattern of population change over time.
  • Typically involves four stages:
  • High birth rates and death rates, resulting in slow population growth
  • Falling death rates, high birth rates, resulting in rapid population growth
  • Falling birth rates, low death rates, resulting in slow or zero population growth
  • Low birth rates and death rates, resulting in minimal or zero population growth.

Theories of Migration

  • Neo-Classical Theory: Individuals migrate to maximize income differences between locations.
  • Labor Migration Theory: Migration is driven by factors aside from just income differentials, e.g., employment, capital, entrepreneurship opportunities.
  • Migration Systems Theory: Existing migration networks between places cause continued flows between places, emphasizing existing relationships.
  • Push-Pull Theory: Migration is influenced by factors pushing people away from their origin (push factors) and factors attracting them to a destination (pull factors).

Types of Migrants

  • Voluntary Migrants: Choose to move based on personal preference.
  • Involuntary Migrants: Forced to move due to circumstances like war, political instability, or disaster.
  • Refugees: Flee their home countries due to persecution or war.
  • Asylum Seekers: Individuals trying to gain international protection.
  • Migration is increasing globally, with developing countries to developed countries.
  • International migration is important to the world's economy.
  • Rapid population growth, in some regions, poses challenges in the long run.

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