Connective Tissue: Cartilage and Bone
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of chondrocytes in cartilage?

  • To form new cartilage tissues from stem cells
  • To provide rigid support
  • To maintain and secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) (correct)
  • To facilitate movement between joints

    • What characterizes hyaline cartilage among the types of cartilage mentioned?

  • It provides the greatest flexibility.
  • It can endure high tensile stress.
  • It is the most common type of cartilage. (correct)
  • It is composed mainly of collagen fibers.

    • Which type of cartilage is specifically known for its strength under stress?

  • Articular cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage (correct)
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Hyaline cartilage

    • What happens to chondrocytes as they secrete extracellular matrix (ECM)?

    <p>They are pushed away from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between chondroblasts and chondrocytes?

    <p>Chondroblasts develop into chondrocytes after rapid growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cartilage in the body?

    <p>Facilitates gliding movements at joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone cell is primarily responsible for bone resorption?

    <p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epiphyseal plate's role in long bone development?

    <p>It guides the growth and development of long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key components that make up cartilage?

    <p>Extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do osteoblasts primarily engage in at the ossification zone of the epiphyseal plate?

    <p>Secretion of osteoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cavity formed during ossification in the epiphyseal plate?

    <p>It is filled by lamellae leaving a narrow central canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the condition of osteoporosis?

    <p>Bone resorption exceeding bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of decreased mechanical stimulation of osteocytes?

    <p>Decreased bone density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do osteoprogenitor stem cells primarily reside?

    <p>In the periosteum, endosteum, and marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the normal bone structure as compared to osteoporotic bone?

    <p>Higher mineral content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the interstitial lamellae during bone remodeling?

    <p>They are formed from partially resorbed osteons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of osteoporotic bone contributes to its brittleness?

    <p>Reduced mineral content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ossification involves the direct differentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchyme?

    <p>Intramembranous ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones undergoes intramembranous ossification?

    <p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is formed as a result of continuous deposition of bony matrix?

    <p>Trabecular bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In endochondral ossification, what serves as the template for bone formation?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces woven bone during the bone formation process?

    <p>Compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones are primarily formed through endochondral ossification?

    <p>Bones of the limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural component forms when blood vessels invade the trabeculae?

    <p>Red marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first type of bone formed during ossification?

    <p>Woven bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of bone repair following a fracture?

    <p>Presence of fracture hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen fibers are primarily released from the breakdown of nasal cartilage during bone repair?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces the soft procallus during the bone healing process?

    <p>A hard callus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of bone impedes the distribution of nutrients and oxygen to osteocytes?

    <p>ECM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for bone to heal completely after a fracture?

    <p>6 to 8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement most accurately describes compact bone?

    <p>Characterized by the presence of osteons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osteoblasts in the bone healing process?

    <p>To transform hard callus into primary bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the endosteum?

    <p>Covers the medullary cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transformation occurs to chondroblasts as they become trapped within lacunae?

    <p>They transform into chondrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of growth is characterized by the mitotic division of existing chondrocytes?

    <p>Interstitial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is part of the inorganic portion of the bone matrix?

    <p>Calcium hydroxyapatite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of proteoglycans in the organic portion of the matrix?

    <p>Bind collagen and calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is NOT commonly found in the inorganic portion of the bone matrix?

    <p>Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do osteoclasts primarily serve in bone tissue?

    <p>Bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth pattern is more significant during postnatal development?

    <p>Appositional growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance primarily contributes to the pink staining of the organic matrix when using eosin?

    <p>Collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is primarily composed of Type II collagen?

    <p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure within bone allows for communication between osteocytes?

    <p>Canaliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the permeability of the ECM differ between bone and cartilage?

    <p>Bone ECM is less permeable than cartilage ECM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the bone does secondary ossification occur around the time of birth?

    <p>Epiphyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What produces the synovial fluid within joints?

    <p>Specialized cells in the synovial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step in the process of chondrogenesis?

    <p>Rounding up of mesenchymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the perichondrium in cartilage formation?

    <p>It decreases the capacity for cartilage repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During chondrogenesis, what differentiation occurs after mesenchymal cells undergo mitosis?

    <p>Development of chondrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the deterioration of cartilage in joints?

    <p>Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of damaged cartilage in osteoarthritis?

    <p>Bone-on-bone contact during movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chondrogenesis, what is the primary function of chondroblasts after their formation?

    <p>To secrete extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is commonly affected by osteoarthritis?

    <p>Older adults and occasionally younger individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the separation of chondrocytes during chondrogenesis?

    <p>They start secreting their own matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily characterizes the interterritorial matrix in cartilage?

    <p>Higher glycosaminoglycan content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily responsible for synthesizing the extracellular matrix in cartilage?

    <p>Chondroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinct characteristic of cartilage compared to other connective tissues?

    <p>Avascularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is associated with chondroblasts during cartilage formation?

    <p>They undergo mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is known for its durability and high proteoglycan content?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of chondroblasts within the cartilage structure?

    <p>In the periphery of the inner chondrogenic layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in cartilage?

    <p>GAGs are found in high concentrations in the extracellular matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the interterritorial matrix from the territorial matrix?

    <p>Lighter staining due to lower proteoglycan content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is housed within a lacuna in bone tissue?

    <p>Osteocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lamellae are found immediately beneath the periosteum?

    <p>External circumferential lamellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes interstitial lamellae in bone tissue?

    <p>They are remnants of partially destroyed osteons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is specific to ground bone preparations?

    <p>It shows well-defined lacunae and canaliculi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the inorganic matrix during decalcification?

    <p>It is removed to visualize organic matrix cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of osteons is primarily responsible for nutrient and waste exchange?

    <p>Canaliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central canal within an osteon?

    <p>To contain blood vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the internal circumferential lamellae positioned relative to the bone marrow cavity?

    <p>They circle around the marrow cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily forms the framework supporting soft tissues in the body?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is predominantly found in cartilage and contributes to its properties?

    <p>Extracellular matrix (ECM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth process is essential for the lengthening of long bones during development?

    <p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of connective tissue surrounds cartilage and plays a role in its development?

    <p>Perichondrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the ossification zone of the epiphyseal plate?

    <p>Bone tissue is deposited on calcified cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of applying constant traction to the bone using braces?

    <p>Bone remodeling occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the alveolar bone when pressure changes after brace removal?

    <p>New bone is formed on one side and resorption occurs on the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is primarily involved in resorption during the bone remodeling process?

    <p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed as a result of osteoclast attachment at the site of resorption?

    <p>Resorption bay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the process of bone remodeling generally support health?

    <p>It adapts to mechanical stress through deposition and resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of bone repair following a fracture?

    <p>Presence of fracture hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces the soft procallus during the bone healing process?

    <p>Woven bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is directly responsible for the movement of teeth when braces are applied?

    <p>Alteration of the alveolar bone through remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the remodeling process do osteoclasts form cavities in the bone?

    <p>Resorption stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of bone impedes the distribution of nutrients and oxygen to osteocytes?

    <p>ECM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for bone to heal completely after a fracture?

    <p>6 to 8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement most accurately describes compact bone?

    <p>It is characterized by the presence of osteons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed as a result of continuous deposition of bony matrix?

    <p>Haversian system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process transforms the procallus into a hard callus in bone healing?

    <p>Osteoblast activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of macrophages in bone repair?

    <p>They remove the hematoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most widely distributed type of cartilage in the body?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature differentiates articular cartilage from most other hyaline cartilage?

    <p>It is not covered by perichondrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step that occurs in the process of chondrogenesis?

    <p>Formation of mesenchymal condensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is characterized by its ability to resist compression due to its high water content?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In articular cartilage, what is the primary component that contributes to its semi-rigid consistency?

    <p>Water bound to hyaluronan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the structure of articular cartilage?

    <p>A dense meshwork of type II collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions results in nasal cartilage perforation and collapse?

    <p>Saddle nose deformity from cocaine use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of growth primarily occurs in cartilage during development?

    <p>Interstitial and appositional growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of growth is primarily characterized by the differentiation of new chondroblasts from progenitor cells?

    <p>Appositional growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes up approximately 50% of the dry weight of bone matrix?

    <p>Calcium hydroxyapatite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component serves an important role in binding collagen and calcium in the bone matrix?

    <p>Osteonectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily seen in articular cartilage and involved in the growth of the epiphyseal plates?

    <p>Interstitial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chondroblasts become trapped within lacunae and differentiate into which type of cell?

    <p>Chondrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organic components are important for the structure of the bone matrix?

    <p>Type I collagen fibers and proteoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are commonly found in the inorganic portion of the bone matrix?

    <p>Calcium and citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal role of osteoclasts in the bone tissue?

    <p>Resorbing bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cartilage

    • A type of connective tissue
    • Composed of cells and an extracellular matrix (ECM)
    • Three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
    • Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and provides non-rigid support
    • Elastic cartilage provides support with high flexibility
    • Fibrocartilage provides strength under stress
    • Cartilage is responsible for providing the framework supporting soft tissues
    • It guides development and growth of long bones
    • Found in the ear, nose, and walls of the respiratory tract
    • Chondrocytes are round, mature cells surrounded by ECM, and lie within lacunae
    • Chondrocytes may occur singly or in clusters, known as isogenous groups or aggregates
    • Cells in an isogenous group are daughter cells from a mitotic event
    • As chondrocytes continue secreting ECM, they get pushed away from one another
    • The primary role of chondrocytes: to maintain ECM (also secretes)

    Bone

    • A type of connective tissue that provides support, protection, and movement to the body
    • Contains organic and inorganic components
    • Composed of different types of cells including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
    • Bone surfaces are covered by periosteum and endosteum
    • Periosteum: fibrous outer layer of bone
    • Endosteum: thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
    • Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation and are located on the bone surface
    • Osteocytes are mature bone cells that are located within the bone matrix
    • Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption and degradation
    • Bone classification: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
    • Bone growth, remodeling, and repair are continuous processes involved in maintaining bone structure

    Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair

    • There are two main types of ossification: intramembranous and endochondral ossification
    • Intramembranous ossification involves the direct differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts
    • Examples of bones formed by intramembranous ossification: flat bones of the skull, Fontanelles, mandible and maxilla, and clavicle
    • Endochondral ossification involves the use of pre-existing hyaline cartilage as a template for bone formation
    • Examples of bones formed by endochondral ossification: bones of the limbs
    • The epiphyseal plate is responsible for longitudinal bone growth
    • Osteoporosis: a common condition in the elderly resulting in poor bone turnover where bone resorption exceeds formation
    • Bone repair involves the formation of a fracture hematoma, procallus, hard callus, and woven bone, followed by the formation of compact bone.
    • Bone healing takes approximately 6-8 weeks to complete

    Clinical Applications

    • Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by decreased bone density and increased bone fragility. It often occurs in the elderly and can lead to fractures.
    • Cartilaginous Repair: Cartilage has a limited ability to heal due to its avascular nature. Injuries to cartilage can lead to osteoarthritis.
    • Growth Plate Injury: Injuries to the epiphyseal plate can affect bone growth, especially in children and adolescents.

    Cartilage

    • Tough, durable form of supporting connective tissue
    • Characterized by cells embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) with high concentrations of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans
    • Interacts with collagen and elastic fibers
    • Avascular, meaning it does not have blood vessels
    • Interterritorial Matrix: Lighter staining due to lower proteoglycan content
    • Territorial Matrix: Stains more intensely with hematoxylin due to higher proteoglycan content
    • Perichondrium: Outer layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds most cartilage, important for growth and repair

    Cells

    • Chondroblasts: Immature cartilage forming cells, found in the inner chondrogenic layer, responsible for secreting ECM
    • Chondrocytes: Mature cartilage cells, reside in lacunae within the ECM, maintain the cartilage matrix
    • Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Found within the inner chondrogenic layer, can differentiate into chondroblasts and contribute to cartilage formation

    Chondrogenesis

    • Process of cartilage formation from mesenchyme
    • Chondrogenesis involves:
    • Rounding Up of Mesenchymal Cells: Mesenchymal cells aggregate and condense
    • Mitosis and Differentiation: Mesenchymal cells divide and differentiate into chondroblasts
    • Matrix Secretion: Chondroblasts secrete matrix components
    • Lacunae Formation: Chondroblasts become trapped within lacunae

    Cartilage Growth

    • Interstitial Growth: Occurs within the cartilage itself, chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, seen in articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
    • Appositional Growth: Occurs at the surface of the cartilage, new chondroblasts differentiate from perichondrium, contributes to growth in thickness

    Types of Cartilage

    • Hyaline Cartilage:
      • Most common type
      • Found in articular surfaces, nose, trachea, larynx, ribcage
      • Matrix is rich in type II collagen fibers, clear and glassy appearance
    • Elastic Cartilage:
      • Found in the ear, epiglottis
      • Matrix contains elastic fibers, gives it flexibility
    • Fibrocartilage:
      • Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
      • Matrix is dense and contains thick collagen fibers, provides strength and support

    Clinical Correlations

    • Arthritis: Degenerative disease characterized by joint pain, stiffness, and swelling
      • Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear arthritis, damage to articular cartilage
      • Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune disease, inflammation and destruction of joint tissues

    Bone

    • Specialized connective tissue characterized by its rigidity and hardness
    • Matrix:
      • Organic Portion: Type I collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
      • Inorganic Portion: Calcium hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate, other ions
    • Cells:
      • Osteoblasts: Responsible for bone formation
      • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells, maintain bone matrix
      • Osteoclasts: Responsible for bone resorption

    Bone Histology

    • Osteons: Basic structural unit of compact bone, composed of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal
    • Lamellae: Thin layers of bone tissue, contain collagen fibers arranged in a specific pattern
    • Canaliculi: Narrow channels that connect lacunae, allowing for nutrient and waste exchange
    • Lacunae: Spaces within the bone matrix where osteocytes reside
    • Periosteum: Outer fibrous layer surrounding bone, important for growth and repair
    • Endosteum: Inner lining of the marrow cavity, contains osteogenic cells

    Histologic Preparations

    • Ground Bone: Unpreserved bone, ground thin for light microscopy, shows lamellar structure, lacunae, and canaliculi
    • Decalcified Bone: Bone treated to remove inorganic portion, allows for visualization of cells, collagen fibers, and organic matrix

    Bone: Definition and Components

    • Bone is a connective tissue with rigidity and hardness.
    • Composed of matrix (inorganic and organic) and cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts).
    • The organic portion of bone is rich in Type I collagen fibers, staining pink with eosin, and has minimal ground substance.
    • The inorganic portion contains calcium hydroxyapatite (most abundant), calcium phosphate (significant amount), and other ions like HCO3-, Citrate, Mg 2+, K+, Na+.

    Cartilage: Definition and Components

    • A connective tissue with cells and an extracellular matrix (ECM).
    • ECM is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes located in cavities called lacunae.
    • Chondroblasts are trapped within lacunae and differentiate into chondrocytes.
    • Chondrocytes continuously multiply and secrete matrix, leading to new cartilage formation.

    Cartilage Growth

    • Interstitial growth: Occurs within pre-existing cartilage.
    • Appositional growth: Occurs on the surface of pre-existing cartilage.

    Bone Functions

    • Provides structural support to the body.
    • Protection of vital organs.
    • Storage of calcium and phosphate minerals.
    • Production of blood cells in the bone marrow.
    • Facilitates movement through joints.

    Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair

    • Bone Growth: The growth plate (epiphyseal plate) is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.
    • Bone Remodeling: Occurs throughout life, balancing bone formation (by osteoblasts) and bone resorption (by osteoclasts). This process is influenced by mechanical stress, ensuring the skeleton adapts to changing demands.
    • Bone Repair: The process of healing broken bones, involving stages like hematoma formation, procallus formation, callus formation, and bone remodeling.

    Clinical Applications

    • Osteoporosis: A disease characterized by reduced bone density, leading to increased fracture risk.

    Epiphyseal Plate

    • Plays a vital role in longitudinal bone growth.
    • Consists of hyaline cartilage with distinct zones: resting, proliferating, hypertrophic, and calcified cartilage zone.
    • Cartilage is progressively replaced by bone, leading to bone elongation.
    • The growth plate is responsible for the length of long bones, ceasing growth at maturity.

    Review Questions

    • What are the major components of bone and cartilage?
    • What are the different types of cartilage and where are they found?
    • How do bones grow and remodel?
    • What are the stages of bone repair?
    • What is osteoporosis and how does it affect the body?

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