Community and Public Health Test 2 Study Guide
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What is the difference between a crude mortality rate and an age-specific mortality rate?

  • An age-specific mortality rate focuses on a specific disease, while a crude mortality rate includes deaths from all causes.
  • A crude mortality rate is calculated using the number of deaths from a specific disease, while an age-specific mortality rate uses all deaths from all causes.
  • An age-specific mortality rate narrows the data to a specific age or range, while a crude mortality rate considers all ages. (correct)
  • A crude mortality rate considers age groups, while an age-specific mortality rate does not take age into account.

    • What is the ethical principle of beneficence?

  • The principle of beneficence involves providing benefits and doing good while balancing potential harms. (correct)
  • The principle of beneficence requires researchers to respect the autonomy of research participants.
  • The principle of beneficence states that the researcher should always obtain informed consent from participants.
  • The principle of beneficence emphasizes the importance of minimizing harm to participants.

    • Which of the following is a potential implication of a false-negative screening?

  • Higher chances of developing a serious health condition.
  • Increased anxiety and stress for the individual being screened.
  • Delayed detection of a disease and missed opportunity for early intervention. (correct)
  • Overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment.

    • What is a key focus when implementing a community-based program?

    <p>Involving the community in the research process and using their needs and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are county health rankings used in data research?

    <p>Used to search health behaviors and social/economic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the goal of Health People 2023? (Select all that applies)

    <p>Eliminating health disparities and improving health equity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in conducting a community needs assessment? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Conducting a thorough assessment of the community's needs and disseminating it to all residents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an ethical issue related to community-engaged research?

    <p>Protecting the confidentiality of private records.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental characteristic of formative evaluation?

    <p>It takes place during planning and implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an epidemic differ from an endemic?

    <p>An epidemic indicates a higher disease level than expected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the pandemic concept?

    <p>An epidemic that extends to multiple countries affecting many people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of summative evaluation?

    <p>Focuses on measuring overall outcomes of established programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the epidemiological triangle, which component represents the cause of disease?

    <p>Agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the stage of susceptibility in the natural history of disease models? (select all that apply)

    <p>Shows expected disease progression without intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is part of the chain of transmission that describes how a pathogen leaves the host?

    <p>Portal of Exit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does incidence specifically measure in a population? ( select all that apply)

    <p>Only those at risk are include in the denominator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should occur before a disaster happens?

    <p>Disaster planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the disaster management cycle does the activation of the disaster plan occur?

    <p>Third phase: Disaster Response phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a geological disaster?

    <p>Hurricane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the CASPER framework?

    <p>Evaluate the efficacy of disaster response actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is a nursing responsibility when a client is not breathing spontaneously?

    <p>Position the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant focus during the heroic phase of emotional responses to a disaster?

    <p>Survival and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a utilitarian approach in triaging during a disaster emphasize?

    <p>Doing the greatest good for the most people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following falls under the safety and security domain in disaster nursing core competencies? (select all that apply)

    <p>Provide First Aide/ Isolating those at risk of spreading communicable diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of a community health worker?

    <p>Impact on or control over community programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of the ecological model's second level?

    <p>Spouse and family relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is primarily collected in community assessments?

    <p>Census data, statistics, rankings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which features are included in a built environment assessment tool? (select all that apply)

    <p>Infrastructure: roads, intersections, public transit and Recreational sites: playgrounds, green spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is primarily used in the simplex prioritization strategy?

    <p>Stakeholders complete a questionnaire with close-end questions- Higher score=higher priorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic defines a community diagnosis?

    <p>Describes health status, social determinants of health and potential improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the evaluation of a community program important? ( Select all that apply)

    <p>Considers predetermined goals and if they are met</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main use of the Strategic Planning Framework?

    <p>can be used in many community issues like heart disease and violence, STI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of community-engaged research principles related to social justice? (select all that apply)

    <p>Creating equitable partnerships in all research phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to STIs becoming a significant public health problem?

    <p>Antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is pathogenicity defined?

    <p>The ability to cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?

    <p>Vaccination against communicable diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the purpose of individual-level prevention ?

    <p>Individual-level focuses on increasing awareness and changes in Modifiable risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by environmental persistence in disease agents?

    <p>The ability of an agent to survive and remain infectious in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is effective in preventing direct transmission of communicable diseases?

    <p>Hand washing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chronic illnesses are recognized as risk factors for developing kidney disease? (select all that apply)

    <p>Obesity and coronary heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary roles of nurses in disaster preparedness?

    <p>To get community members ready for potential disasters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tasks is associated with community disaster preparedness?

    <p>Establishing a communication chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a disaster, which entity is typically the first to respond?

    <p>Local government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the focus of the affective domain of learning primarily involve?

    <p>Learner’s feelings, beliefs, and attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a priority activity during disaster preparedness?

    <p>identifying emergency shelter locations especially ones for special health needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that NGOs can assist during a disaster?

    <p>Offering clean water and shelter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key aspect of transformative learning theory?

    <p>Learners can change their thinking with new information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of an endemic disease?

    <p>Baseline expected presence of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Non-governmental organizations (NGO)? (Select all that apply)

    <p>They can assist in disaster education before a disaster occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of individual learning styles?

    <p>Each learner has a learning style that best allows them to receive, process, remember and apply information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the educator barriers? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Education level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the ways to overcome educator-related barriers? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Research and prepare before education session</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of partnering with community members for community programs? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Creates positive outcomes- ensures community concerns are heard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cultural care theory?

    <p>Used to provide Culturally congruent care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the Psychomotor domain of learning? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Application of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of health issues might occur to individuals with low health literacy? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Lack of ability to obtain, understand, and make health-related decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mortality measures, what is case fatality used for?

    <p>Used to calculate how many people diagnosed with a disease die from it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chain of transmission, what is the infectious agent?

    <p>A pathogen capable of causing the disease or injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chain of transmission, what is the reservoir?

    <p>The host where the infectious agent usually lives, grows, and multiplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chain of transmission, what is the portal of exit?

    <p>The path in which the infectious agent leaves the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chain of transmission, what is the method of transportation?

    <p>Is the way the infectious agents are spread from the reservoir to a susceptible host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chain of transmission, what is the Portal of Entry?

    <p>How an infectious agent enters the susceptible host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chain of transmission, what is the Susceptible Host?

    <p>An individual who may become sick or injured when exposed to an infectious agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using case reports in observational studies? (Select all that apply)

    <p>An in depth analysis of an individual client often done by a clinician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are organizational barriers to the implementation of evidence-based practice? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Decreased Data base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What barriers prevent Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) from occurring due to organizational barriers? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Limited access to Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Community and Public Health Test 2 Study Guide

    • This guide is a helpful resource, but not exhaustive. Review the provided presentations (PPTs) and online materials for a complete understanding.

    Unit 3: Epidemiology

    • Formative Evaluation: This evaluation is conducted during the planning and implementation phases of a new program. It assesses if the program is being implemented as planned, using a process evaluation.
    • Endemic, Epidemic, and Pandemic:
    • Endemic: The baseline, expected presence of a disease.
    • Epidemic: The presence of a disease above the expected level.
    • Pandemic: An epidemic spreading across a large scale, affecting a large number of people in many countries (e.g., COVID-19).
    • Summative Evaluation: This evaluation assesses the outcomes of established programs. It measures the overall outcomes.
    • Epidemiological Triangle: The triangle illustrates the interaction of agent, host, and environment.
    • Agent: Cause of a disease.
    • Host: Carrier of the disease.
    • Environment: Surroundings of the host.

    Natural History of Disease Models

    • Stages of susceptibility: This stage precedes exposure to a disease-causing entity.
    • Disease progression: This is the expected course of a disease without intervention.

    Chain of Transmission

    • Infectious agent: A pathogen capable of causing disease or injury.
    • Reservoir (host): The place where the infectious agent lives, grows, and multiplies.
    • Portal of exit: The path by which the infectious agent leaves the host (e.g., sneezing).
    • Method of transportation: The means by which the infectious agent spreads from the reservoir to a susceptible host.
    • Portal of entry: How an infectious agent enters a susceptible host.
    • Susceptible Host: An individual who can become ill or injured on exposure to an infectious agent.

    Observational Studies: Case Reports

    • Case reports provide in-depth analyses of individual clients, often conducted by clinicians.
    • These analyses often serve as a starting point for further studies.

    Calculating Incidence

    • Incidence measures the number of new cases during a specific time period.
    • Only those at risk during that time period are included in the calculations (e.g., females with a uterus are counted in the incidence of uterine cancer).

    Mortality Measures

    • Crude mortality rate: Number of deaths from all causes divided by the total population.
    • Age-specific mortality rate: Death rates calculated and narrowed to specific age groups.
    • Case fatality: The proportion of people diagnosed with a specific disease who die from it.

    Ethical Principles

    • Beneficence: Doing good while balancing potential harms.

    False Negative Screenings

    • False negative screenings can result in the loss of opportunities for early intervention.

    Unit 3 Evidence-Based Practice: Community Programs

    • Implementing a community program centers on the community's needs, values, and preferences.
    • A long-term, sustainable process is essential.

    County Health Rankings

    • Community data are publicly available, identifying health behaviors and social/economic factors in specific communities.
    • This data are used to guide decisions and changes.

    Health People 2023

    • Goals: These goals target disease prevention, health equity, and promoting healthy behaviors and environments for overall well-being.

    Needs Assessments

    • Community needs are thoroughly assessed, with the results shared with all residents.

    Ethical Issues: Community-Engaged Research

    • Issues like confidentiality of private records and educational needs are important aspects of ethical community-engaged research.

    Organizational Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice

    • These barriers include poor database access, lack of time, high workloads for staff, limited resources, and a lack of support for EBP within organizations.

    Evidence-Based Resources (Health People 2030)

    • Resources include both non-systematic and systematic reviews.

    Community-Engaged Research Principles

    • Principles focus on social justice, fostering collaborative, equitable partnerships throughout the research process.

    Contributions to STIs

    • Antibiotic resistance is a significant contributor to the emergence of STIs as a public health problem.

    Communicability of a Virus

    • Communicability refers to the ability of a virus to spread from one person to another.
    • Mutations and pathogenicity contribute to the spread and the potential severity of the disease.

    Levels of Prevention

    • Primary Prevention: Measures to prevent diseases from occurring (e.g., immunizations).
    • Secondary Prevention: Early detection and treatment to prevent the progression of disease.
    • Tertiary Prevention: Mitigation of disease severity and effects.

    Prevention Methods: Direct Transmission

    • Preventive measures, such as handwashing and isolation, help prevent the transmission of communicable diseases.

    Kidney Disease Risk Factors

    • Risk factors for kidney disease include high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and obesity.

    Environmental Persistence

    • Environmental persistence refers to the ability of an agent to survive in the environment and remain infectious.

    Transmission Blocking

    • Methods to block disease transmission include washing hands and other ways of interrupting the transmission path.

    Community Program Planning, Implementation & Evaluation

    Community Health Workers

    • Community health workers (gatekeepers) significantly influence community programs.

    Ethical Issues: National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System

    • State laws must be followed to manage information sharing practices, to maintain confidentiality.

    Secondary Data for Assessment

    • Census data, statistics, and rankings provide secondary data for community assessment.

    Ecological Model

    • The ecological model includes levels from individual factors to societal influences impacting health.

    Built Environment Assessment Tool

    • Assessment tools consider factors such as infrastructure, walkability, bikeability, and access to resources like groceries and parks.

    Simplex Method for Prioritization

    • This method uses stakeholder questionnaires to assess community data priorities.

    Community Diagnosis

    • Community diagnoses assess community health, social determinants of health, and potential for improvement.

    Data Prioritization

    • Strength and weaknesses analyses of various approaches to prioritizing data are considered.

    Program Management

    • Program management coordinates projects to achieve overall program goals.

    Evaluation of Community Programs

    • Evaluating community programs helps improve them through data collection and analysis, ensuring established goals are addressed.

    Emergency Preparedness

    • Disaster preparedness should occur before a disaster occurs.

    Disaster Management Cycle

    • The tasks encompassed within the Prevention and Mitigation phases of a disaster management cycle.

    CASPER Framework

    • This framework, used in public health emergency response, collects data to assess community needs, monitor fluctuations in needs, justify funding, and evaluate disaster responses' efficacy.

    Nursing Actions in Disaster

    • When a client isn't breathing spontaneously, the priority nursing action is airway management.
    • A utilitarian approach to triaging during disaster is to do the most good for the most people.
    • Disaster preparedness is a shared national responsibility.

    Disaster Plan Activation

    • Disaster plans are activated during the disaster response phase (the 3rd phase.)

    Core Competencies in Disaster Nursing (Safety & Security, Interventions)

    • Safety and security: Maintain safe environments using infection control practices like handwashing and appropriate PPE, as necessary.
    • Interventions: Providing aid to individuals, protecting those at risk from diseases, efficiently distributing available resources.

    Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) and Disaster Response

    • NGOs play invaluable roles by addressing multiple needs during emergencies, including education, supplies, and services.

    National Preparedness Goal

    • The national preparedness goal seeks to mobilize community effort for disaster preparedness.

    Disaster Preparedness Activities (Community Level)

    • Community activities for disaster preparedness should include developing plans, identifying evacuation routes, practicing drills, stocking essential supplies, and making plans for special health needs considerations.

    Health Education Domain of Learning

    • Affective domain focuses on learners' feelings, beliefs, and attitudes.

    Transformative Learning Theory

    • Learning can change how learners think and approach information when new information is introduced.

    Learning Styles & Educational Barriers

    • Considerations for different learning styles will improve the educational aspect for diverse learners.
    • Language barriers and levels of educator education must be considered.

    Community Member Partnerships

    • Community programs should involve local community members to ensure that the needs and priorities identified reflect the community's experience.

    Cultural Care Theory

    • Cultural care theory is used to understand and provide care that is consistent with various cultural backgrounds.

    Psychomotor Domain (Application of Knowledge)

    • Using sensory motor skills includes fine and gross motor skills in the application of knowledge.

    Health Literacy

    • Health literacy is crucial for individuals to make informed health decisions. Low health literacy creates risks for poor health outcomes.

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    Description

    Prepare for Test 2 in Community and Public Health with this study guide covering epidemiology concepts. Learn about formative and summative evaluations, as well as the differences between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic diseases. Use this resource alongside provided presentations for a comprehensive understanding.

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