Cognitive Psychology Test 4 Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

What do students primarily learn from according to cognitivism?

Observing others

Listening to lectures

Experiences and thinking (correct)

Memorizing facts

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of cognitivism?

Cognitive processes should be studied scientifically

Feelings are a result of thoughts and beliefs

Humans respond to stimuli based on cognitive processing

Behavior changes happen without thought (correct)

How do cognitive processes influence our responses to stimuli?

Through instinctual reactions

By ignoring distractions

Via perception, attention, and memory (correct)

Based on emotional responses

What is the process of putting new information into memory called?

Storage Signup and view all the answers

What does encoding involve in the context of cognitive psychology?

Changing information for storage Signup and view all the answers

How is information retrieved from memory?

By finding previously stored data Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for information to enter long-term memory?

It must pass through sensory and working memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the sensory register's characteristics?

Brief duration, large capacity, multiple forms of representation Signup and view all the answers

What role does attention play in the three-component model of memory?

It facilitates the movement of information from sensory register to working memory. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence a person's attention?

The total number of stimuli present. Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is effective in maintaining students’ attention during lessons?

Using a variety of presentation styles. Signup and view all the answers

How are memories from related experiences stored according to their interconnectedness?

As overlapping representations forming memory networks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between procedural knowledge and declarative knowledge?

Declarative knowledge is about factual information, while procedural knowledge is about knowing how to perform tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes explicit memory from implicit memory?

Explicit memory can be consciously recalled while implicit memory cannot. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory includes general knowledge independent of personal experiences?

Semantic memory. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of episodic memory?

Recalling the last birthday party you attended. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of maintenance rehearsal?

Memorizing information through repetition Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy emphasizes relating new information to what one already knows?

Meaningful learning Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a schema?

A cognitive framework for organizing information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor related to failure to retrieve information?

Decay Signup and view all the answers

What does overgeneralization imply in learning concepts?

Applying a concept too broadly beyond its correct instances Signup and view all the answers

In which situation would you utilize a script?

To recall a sequence of expected events Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would not be considered a characteristic of a defining concept?

Characteristics can be vague and subjective Signup and view all the answers

What is automaticity mainly concerned with in learning?

Effortlessly performing tasks after practice Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of positive transfer?

It can facilitate learning in a different situation. Signup and view all the answers

What type of transfer involves building on previously acquired skills?

Vertical transfer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes well-defined problems?

They have a clear desired result and all necessary information. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies negative transfer?

Driving on the left side of the road makes it difficult to drive on the right side. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between algorithms and heuristics?

Algorithms always yield the correct solution; heuristics do not. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of lateral transfer?

Using knowledge of one programming language to learn another. Signup and view all the answers

What defines overgeneralization in concept membership?

Excluding all negative instances regardless of relevance. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is indicative of ill-defined problems?

Ambiguous goals and missing essential information. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Study Guide for Test 4

Multiple Choice Items: 60-65 multiple choice items from class discussions, PowerPoint slides, and readings from chapters 6, 7, 8, 13, and 16 of the textbook.

How Students Learn (Cognitivism)

Students learn by thinking and can learn from experiences, changing their behaviors based on new information.

Assumptions of Cognitivism

Humans process information from the environment before responding.
Cognitive processes should be studied scientifically.
Changes in feelings and behavior are a result of thought and beliefs.

Responding to Multiple Stimuli

Cognitive processes like perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving heavily influence how we respond to multiple stimuli.

Memory Processes

Storage: The process of putting new information into memory.
Encoding: Modifying information to store it in memory, using existing knowledge by changing its form or adding new information.
Retrieval: The process of finding previously stored information to use again.

Three-Component Model of Memory

All information entering long-term memory must first pass through the sensory register and working memory.

Sensory Register, Working Memory, and Long-Term Memory

Duration: Information in the sensory register is temporary; information in working memory remains for a short period; long-term memory has unlimited storage capacity.
Capacity: The maximum amount of information a person can receive, retain, and function with in tasks.
Forms of representation: Information in working memory is often encoded auditorily, especially language-based, for instance. The sensory register obtains information from the environment. Working memory holds a small amount of information used in cognitive tasks; long-term memory maintains information indefinitely.

Role of Attention

Attention moves information from the sensory register to working memory.

Factors Affecting Attention

Types of stimuli
Number of stimuli
Mental/medical problems
Age

Maintaining Student Attention

Use varied presentation styles.
Provide frequent breaks.
Ask questions (low and high level).
Minimize distractions.

Interconnectedness of Long-Term Memory

Memories from related experiences are stored as overlapping representations in the brain.
Memories form memory networks that span events.

How Information is Stored in Long-Term Memory

Explicit and implicit memory storage is possible.

Declarative and Procedural Knowledge

Declarative knowledge: Facts, data, and pieces of information (e.g., a car has four tires).
Procedural knowledge: Knowing how to do things (e.g., swimming, doing a cartwheel).

Explicit and Implicit Memory

Explicit memory: Knowledge easily recalled and explained.
Implicit memory: Knowledge not consciously recalled or explained, but affects behavior (e.g., familiar songs, riding a bike).

Semantic and Episodic Memory

Semantic memory: General knowledge of the world (e.g., the capital of Cuba).
Episodic memory: Memory of personal experiences (e.g., first day of school, a friend’s birthday).

Understanding Memory Concepts

Rehearsal: Maintaining information by repeating it.
Elaboration: Enriching information by relating it to existing knowledge.
Meaningful learning: Connecting new information to prior experience.
Organization: Grouping information logically.
Rote learning: Memorization through repetition without elaboration.
Automaticity: Performing tasks effortlessly after practice.

Instructional Strategies

Prior knowledge activation: Reminding learners of existing related knowledge.
Meaningful learning set: The ability to make sense of the information being learned.
Schema: Framework for organizing and interpreting information.
Script: A person's pre-existing knowledge of the sequence of events in a setting.

Theories of Forgetting

Decay, interference, inhibition, repression, suppression, failure to retrieve, construction error, insufficient self-monitoring during retrieval, and failure to store/consolidate.

Types of Concepts and How They're Learned

Concrete concepts: Easily identified by physical appearance.
Abstract concepts: Involve abstract similarities, not readily observable.
Defining concepts: Characteristics present in all positive instances.
Correlational concepts: Characteristics frequently found together but not essential for membership.
Undergeneralization: Inability to recognize all positive instances.
Overgeneralization: Inability to reject negative instances.

Types of Transfer

Positive transfer: Learning in one situation helps in another.
Negative transfer: Learning in one situation hinders another.
Vertical transfer: Building on prior knowledge.
Lateral transfer: Using prior knowledge in a new context.
Specific transfer: Information directly related.
General transfer: Information more broadly applicable.

Problem Solving

Well-defined problems: Clear goals, available information, a clear solution path.
Ill-defined problems: Ambiguous goals, missing information with no assured solution path.
Algorithms: Specific step-by-step procedures, often produce correct answers.
Heuristics: General problem-solving strategies, may or may not lead to a correct solution.

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Description

Prepare for your upcoming test with this comprehensive study guide covering chapters 6, 7, 8, 13, and 16 on how students learn through cognitivism. Explore multiple choice questions derived from class discussions and readings to strengthen your understanding of cognitive processes such as memory and perception.