39 Questions
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
15-18 months
What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
Overestimation of abilities
What is the opposite of egocentrism?
Perspective taking
According to the theory of self-concept, what is the first aspect of self-concept?
Self-worth
By what age do most children recognize their own photograph?
24-30 months
What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
Focus on internal traits and abilities
What is a milestone in the development of self-awareness in infants?
Recognizing themselves in a mirror
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
Focus on internal traits and abilities
What is a characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?
Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
According to Piaget, what is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage?
7-11 years old
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
He underestimated the impact of culture
What is the main idea of Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist theory of cognitive development?
Language is the key to cognitive development
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The level of potential skill that a child can reach with the assistance of a teacher
What is the primary function of language according to Vygotsky?
To represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to the here and now
What is the main characteristic of the Formal Operational Stage?
Ability to think about hypothetical situations
What is the term for the instructional technique introduced by Jerome Bruner?
Scaffolding
What percentage of the adult population is estimated to attain the post-conventional level of morality?
20-25%
What is the primary reason why human babies are helpless and need others to survive?
Because they are relatively helpless
What is attachment, in the context of infant development?
An emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver
What is the characteristic of Phase 1 of Bowlby's phases of attachment formation?
Infants show no preference among caregivers
What is a characteristic of Type B attachment?
They are upset when their mother leaves, but okay with strangers
What is the result of a break in an infant's attachment?
Deprivation
What was the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?
Their speech was normal by age 11 and their IQ was normal by age 15
What is the primary driver of attachment, according to the content?
Emotional attachment is innate
What aspect of oneself does the Intellectual Self deal with?
Intelligence and decision-making abilities
What is self-efficacy?
Confidence in one's ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment
What is morality?
A force that motivates our behavior
What is a moral dilemma?
An ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, what is the orientation of Stage 3 in Level 2?
Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation
What is the focus of Stage 5 in Level 3 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
The social contract and agreements among people about behavior
What is the primary difference between Level 1 and Level 2 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
Level 1 focuses on punishment and obedience, while Level 2 focuses on concern for others
What is the age range for Stage 1 in Level 1 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
2/3 – 5/6 years old
What is the primary process of cognition, according to Piaget?
Acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
What are the basic building blocks of cognitive models, according to Piaget?
Schemas
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
Egocentrism
What is the stage of development characterized by exploring the world through senses and motor activity?
Sensorimotor Stage
What occurs when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
Disequilibrium
What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
Accommodation
At what age does the Preoperational Stage of development typically begin?
2 years old
Study Notes
Cognition
- Cognition: the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
- Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development:
- Three basic components: schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development
- Schemas: mental representations of knowledge
- Adaptation processes: assimilation and accommodation enable learning and transition between stages
- Stages of development:
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): exploration through senses and motor activity
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): developing language and imagination
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): developing abstract reasoning and problem-solving skills
- Formal Operations (12-15 years): developing logical thinking and scientific reasoning
Criticisms of Piaget
- Methodological flaws in tasks
- Underestimation of the impact of culture on cognitive development
Lev Vygotsky's Theory
- Social constructivist theory of cognitive development
- Importance of language and social interactions in shaping cognitive development
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): the range of knowledge that can be learned with the assistance of others
- Scaffolding: a teaching technique that provides individualized support to learners
Self-Concept
- Refers to a person's perception of themselves, including traits, preferences, values, and beliefs
- Develops throughout the lifespan
- Self-awareness:
- Infants recognize themselves in mirrors at 15-18 months
- Self-concept develops through stages, including confusion of self, concrete descriptions, and shift to internal traits and abilities
Morality
- Refers to the understanding of right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (ages 2-5 and 5-7 years)
- Level 2: Conventional Morality (ages 7-12 years)
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality (ages 12+ years)
Attachment
- First social relationship; strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months+)
- Types of attachment:
- Secure (Type B)
- Anxious-Ambivalent (Type C)
- Avoidant (Type A)
- Disorganized-Disoriented (Type D)
Deprivation and Separation
- Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment
- Separation: occurrence of deprivation
- Example: Koluchova's study of Czech twins (1972)
Learn about the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding, including Piaget's theory of cognitive development and its stages.
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