Cognition and Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

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Questions and Answers

At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?

15-18 months (correct)
6-8 months
3-4 years
24-30 months

What is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?

Ability to assume another's perspective
Realistic assessment of abilities
Overestimation of abilities (correct)
Focus on internal traits and abilities

What is the opposite of egocentrism?

Perspective taking (correct)
Self-awareness
Altruism
Empathy

According to the theory of self-concept, what is the first aspect of self-concept?

Self-worth (C) Signup and view all the answers

By what age do most children recognize their own photograph?

24-30 months (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?

Focus on internal traits and abilities (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a milestone in the development of self-awareness in infants?

Recognizing themselves in a mirror (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?

Focus on internal traits and abilities (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?

Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, what is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage?

7-11 years old (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?

He underestimated the impact of culture (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist theory of cognitive development?

Language is the key to cognitive development (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

The level of potential skill that a child can reach with the assistance of a teacher (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of language according to Vygotsky?

To represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to the here and now (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the Formal Operational Stage?

Ability to think about hypothetical situations (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the instructional technique introduced by Jerome Bruner?

Scaffolding (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the adult population is estimated to attain the post-conventional level of morality?

20-25% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why human babies are helpless and need others to survive?

Because they are relatively helpless (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is attachment, in the context of infant development?

An emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Phase 1 of Bowlby's phases of attachment formation?

Infants show no preference among caregivers (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Type B attachment?

They are upset when their mother leaves, but okay with strangers (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a break in an infant's attachment?

Deprivation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?

Their speech was normal by age 11 and their IQ was normal by age 15 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver of attachment, according to the content?

Emotional attachment is innate (C) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of oneself does the Intellectual Self deal with?

Intelligence and decision-making abilities (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy?

Confidence in one's ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is morality?

A force that motivates our behavior (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a moral dilemma?

An ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, what is the orientation of Stage 3 in Level 2?

Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Stage 5 in Level 3 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

The social contract and agreements among people about behavior (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Level 1 and Level 2 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

Level 1 focuses on punishment and obedience, while Level 2 focuses on concern for others (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for Stage 1 in Level 1 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

2/3 – 5/6 years old (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process of cognition, according to Piaget?

Acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic building blocks of cognitive models, according to Piaget?

Schemas (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?

Egocentrism (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of development characterized by exploring the world through senses and motor activity?

Sensorimotor Stage (C) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?

Disequilibrium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?

Accommodation (B) Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the Preoperational Stage of development typically begin?

2 years old (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognition

Cognition: the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development:
- Three basic components: schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development
- Schemas: mental representations of knowledge
- Adaptation processes: assimilation and accommodation enable learning and transition between stages
- Stages of development:
  - Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): exploration through senses and motor activity
  - Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): developing language and imagination
  - Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): developing abstract reasoning and problem-solving skills
  - Formal Operations (12-15 years): developing logical thinking and scientific reasoning

Criticisms of Piaget

Methodological flaws in tasks
Underestimation of the impact of culture on cognitive development

Lev Vygotsky's Theory

Social constructivist theory of cognitive development
Importance of language and social interactions in shaping cognitive development
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): the range of knowledge that can be learned with the assistance of others
Scaffolding: a teaching technique that provides individualized support to learners

Self-Concept

Refers to a person's perception of themselves, including traits, preferences, values, and beliefs
Develops throughout the lifespan
Self-awareness:
- Infants recognize themselves in mirrors at 15-18 months
- Self-concept develops through stages, including confusion of self, concrete descriptions, and shift to internal traits and abilities

Morality

Refers to the understanding of right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (ages 2-5 and 5-7 years)
- Level 2: Conventional Morality (ages 7-12 years)
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality (ages 12+ years)

Attachment

First social relationship; strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months+)
Types of attachment:
- Secure (Type B)
- Anxious-Ambivalent (Type C)
- Avoidant (Type A)
- Disorganized-Disoriented (Type D)

Deprivation and Separation

Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment
Separation: occurrence of deprivation
Example: Koluchova's study of Czech twins (1972)

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Description

Learn about the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding, including Piaget's theory of cognitive development and its stages.