Piaget's Cognitive Theory

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Questions and Answers

According to Piaget, what is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage?

15-18 years old

4-7 years old

7-11 years old (correct)

11-15 years old

What is the main criticism of Piaget's theory?

Underestimated the impact of culture (correct)

Overestimated the impact of environment

Underestimated the impact of biology

Overestimated the impact of genetics

What is the term for the level of potential skill that a child can reach with the assistance of a more knowledgeable other?

Upper limit (correct)

Lower limit

Zone of Proximal Development

Actual Developmental Level

What is the main focus of Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist theory?

Social and cultural interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of scaffolding in learning?

To provide individualized support Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does a child develop abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete?

Concrete Operational Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the range of knowledge that a learner can acquire with the guidance of a more knowledgeable other?

Zone of Proximal Development Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced the instructional technique of scaffolding?

Jerome Bruner Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of schemas in Piaget's cognitive theory?

To organize and represent knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, what is the characteristic of children in the sensorimotor stage?

They explore the world through senses and motor activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?

Egocentrism Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when existing schemas can explain what has been perceived?

Equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?

Assimilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of development characterized by pre-logical thought?

Preoperational Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range of children in the preoperational stage?

2 to about 7 years old Signup and view all the answers

What does the ideal self refer to?

The kind of person you would like to be Signup and view all the answers

What is emotional self?

Deals with your emotions and self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What does self-efficacy reflect?

Confidence in one's ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment Signup and view all the answers

What is morality?

A force that motivates our behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a moral dilemma?

A situation that requires a moral decision Signup and view all the answers

What does Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development describe?

How one's sense of right and wrong changes with age Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the Punishment Obedience Orientation stage?

Consequences of acts determine whether they're good or bad Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the Universal Ethical Principle Orientation stage?

Individuals' judgments of good and bad become influenced by universal moral principles Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?

15-18 months Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a child's self-concept in early childhood?

Concrete descriptions of themselves Signup and view all the answers

What is the opposite of egocentrism, according to the content?

Perspective taking Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, by what age can most children recognize their own photograph?

30 months Signup and view all the answers

What is an aspect of self-concept in middle and late childhood?

Focus on internal traits and abilities Signup and view all the answers

Who are the theorists associated with the concept of self-concept?

Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers Signup and view all the answers

What is an aspect of self-concept in early childhood, according to the content?

Physical descriptions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognition and Cognitive Development

Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
Piaget's Cognitive Theory:
- Schemas: basic building blocks of cognitive models, enabling mental representation
- Adaptation processes: enable learning and transition between stages
- Stages of development:
  - Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): exploration through senses and motor activity
  - Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): developing language and communication, distinguishing fantasy from reality
  - Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): increasing abstract reasoning and ability to generalize
  - Formal Operations (12-15 years): adult thinking, hypothetical situations, and scientific reasoning

Criticisms of Piaget

Methodological flaws in tasks
Underestimation of cultural impact on cognitive development

Emphasizes social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
Importance of language:
- Represents reality and distances individuals from the present
- Enables communication and social interaction
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
- Lower limit: child's actual developmental level
- Upper limit: level of potential skill with assistance

Self and Self-Concept

Self: all characteristics of a person, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, and beliefs
Self-concept: perception of oneself
Development of self-understanding throughout lifespan

Self-Recognition in Infancy and Early Childhood

Recognition of self in mirrors at 15-18 months
Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months
By 18-20 months, children recognize their mirror image
By 2 years, children exhibit self-awareness through behavior and language

Self-Concept in Childhood and Adolescence

Early childhood: concrete descriptions, physical descriptions, and overestimation of abilities
Middle and late childhood: shift to internal traits and abilities, social role descriptions, and realistic self-assessment

Morality and Moral Development

Morality: understanding of right and wrong, good and bad behavior
Moral dilemma: ambiguous situation requiring a moral decision
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Pre-conventional Morality (Stages 1-2): punishment obedience, instrumental relativist orientation
- Conventional Morality (Stages 3-4): good boy-nice girl orientation, law and order orientation
- Post-Conventional Morality (Stages 5-6): social contract orientation, universal ethical principle orientation

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Description

Explore the cognitive development theory of Piaget, including schemas, children's learning processes, and experience-based knowledge acquisition.