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Questions and Answers
According to Piaget, what is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage?
According to Piaget, what is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage?
- 15-18 years old
- 4-7 years old
- 7-11 years old (correct)
- 11-15 years old
What is the main criticism of Piaget's theory?
What is the main criticism of Piaget's theory?
- Underestimated the impact of culture (correct)
- Overestimated the impact of environment
- Underestimated the impact of biology
- Overestimated the impact of genetics
What is the term for the level of potential skill that a child can reach with the assistance of a more knowledgeable other?
What is the term for the level of potential skill that a child can reach with the assistance of a more knowledgeable other?
- Upper limit (correct)
- Lower limit
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Actual Developmental Level
What is the main focus of Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist theory?
What is the main focus of Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist theory?
What is the purpose of scaffolding in learning?
What is the purpose of scaffolding in learning?
At what stage does a child develop abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete?
At what stage does a child develop abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete?
What is the term for the range of knowledge that a learner can acquire with the guidance of a more knowledgeable other?
What is the term for the range of knowledge that a learner can acquire with the guidance of a more knowledgeable other?
Who introduced the instructional technique of scaffolding?
Who introduced the instructional technique of scaffolding?
What is the primary function of schemas in Piaget's cognitive theory?
What is the primary function of schemas in Piaget's cognitive theory?
What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
According to Piaget, what is the characteristic of children in the sensorimotor stage?
According to Piaget, what is the characteristic of children in the sensorimotor stage?
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
What occurs when existing schemas can explain what has been perceived?
What occurs when existing schemas can explain what has been perceived?
What is the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
What is the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
What is the stage of development characterized by pre-logical thought?
What is the stage of development characterized by pre-logical thought?
What is the age range of children in the preoperational stage?
What is the age range of children in the preoperational stage?
What does the ideal self refer to?
What does the ideal self refer to?
What is emotional self?
What is emotional self?
What does self-efficacy reflect?
What does self-efficacy reflect?
What is morality?
What is morality?
What is a moral dilemma?
What is a moral dilemma?
What does Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development describe?
What does Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development describe?
What is the main characteristic of the Punishment Obedience Orientation stage?
What is the main characteristic of the Punishment Obedience Orientation stage?
What is the main characteristic of the Universal Ethical Principle Orientation stage?
What is the main characteristic of the Universal Ethical Principle Orientation stage?
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
What is a characteristic of a child's self-concept in early childhood?
What is a characteristic of a child's self-concept in early childhood?
What is the opposite of egocentrism, according to the content?
What is the opposite of egocentrism, according to the content?
According to the content, by what age can most children recognize their own photograph?
According to the content, by what age can most children recognize their own photograph?
What is an aspect of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
What is an aspect of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
Who are the theorists associated with the concept of self-concept?
Who are the theorists associated with the concept of self-concept?
What is an aspect of self-concept in early childhood, according to the content?
What is an aspect of self-concept in early childhood, according to the content?
Study Notes
Cognition and Cognitive Development
- Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
- Piaget's Cognitive Theory:
- Schemas: basic building blocks of cognitive models, enabling mental representation
- Adaptation processes: enable learning and transition between stages
- Stages of development:
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): exploration through senses and motor activity
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): developing language and communication, distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): increasing abstract reasoning and ability to generalize
- Formal Operations (12-15 years): adult thinking, hypothetical situations, and scientific reasoning
Criticisms of Piaget
- Methodological flaws in tasks
- Underestimation of cultural impact on cognitive development
Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory
- Emphasizes social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
- Importance of language:
- Represents reality and distances individuals from the present
- Enables communication and social interaction
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
- Lower limit: child's actual developmental level
- Upper limit: level of potential skill with assistance
Self and Self-Concept
- Self: all characteristics of a person, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, and beliefs
- Self-concept: perception of oneself
- Development of self-understanding throughout lifespan
Self-Recognition in Infancy and Early Childhood
- Recognition of self in mirrors at 15-18 months
- Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months
- By 18-20 months, children recognize their mirror image
- By 2 years, children exhibit self-awareness through behavior and language
Self-Concept in Childhood and Adolescence
- Early childhood: concrete descriptions, physical descriptions, and overestimation of abilities
- Middle and late childhood: shift to internal traits and abilities, social role descriptions, and realistic self-assessment
Morality and Moral Development
- Morality: understanding of right and wrong, good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: ambiguous situation requiring a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Pre-conventional Morality (Stages 1-2): punishment obedience, instrumental relativist orientation
- Conventional Morality (Stages 3-4): good boy-nice girl orientation, law and order orientation
- Post-Conventional Morality (Stages 5-6): social contract orientation, universal ethical principle orientation
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Description
Explore the cognitive development theory of Piaget, including schemas, children's learning processes, and experience-based knowledge acquisition.
