Cognitive Development and Piaget's Theory
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Questions and Answers

At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?

  • 15-18 months (correct)
  • 30-36 months
  • 20-24 months
  • 8-10 months

    • What is a characteristic of a child's self-concept in early childhood?

  • Concrete and physical descriptions (correct)
  • Social role descriptions
  • Internal trait descriptions
  • Realistic estimations of abilities

    • What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective, which develops in middle and late childhood?

  • Perspective taking (correct)
  • Self-awareness
  • Egocentrism
  • Empathy

    • According to Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers, what is a key aspect of self-concept?

    <p>Self-worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what age can almost all children recognize their own photograph?

    <p>30-36 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a child's self-concept in middle and late childhood?

    <p>Internal trait descriptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is evident in children's behavior by 2 years old, indicating their self-awareness?

    <p>Exhibition of embarrassment and shame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between children who are good at perspective taking and those who are not?

    <p>Popularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of schemas in Piaget's cognitive theory?

    <p>To form a mental representation of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a learner's cognitive structure is inconsistent with the information being learned?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of children in the preoperational stage?

    <p>They are pre-logical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inability to do in egocentrism?

    <p>Take another person's perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a learner's existing schemas can explain what has been perceived?

    <p>Equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?

    <p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of development characterized by exploring the world through senses and motor activity?

    <p>Sensorimotor stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that enables learning and the transition from one stage to another?

    <p>Adaptation processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, what is the age range of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?

    <p>7-11 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children in the Preoperational Stage?

    <p>Has difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of Piaget's theory?

    <p>It underestimates the impact of culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of language in Lev Vygotsky's theory?

    <p>It allows us to represent reality and distance ourselves from the present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory?

    <p>The range of skills a child can learn with guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the instructional technique introduced by Jerome Bruner?

    <p>Scaffolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of the Formal Operational Stage according to Piaget?

    <p>Ability to think about hypothetical situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lower limit of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) according to Vygotsky?

    <p>The level of skill a child can learn independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal self related to?

    <p>The kind of person you would like to be</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aspect of the Bodily Self?

    <p>Taking care of one's body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-efficacy related to?

    <p>Confidence in exerting control over one's motivation, behavior, and social environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is morality mainly concerned with?

    <p>Understanding the difference between right and wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a moral dilemma?

    <p>A situation that requires a person to make a moral decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>How one's sense of right and wrong changes with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Stage 1 in Kohlberg's Theory?

    <p>Punishment obedience orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Stage 5 in Kohlberg's Theory?

    <p>Social contract orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality, according to Kohlberg?

    <p>20 to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children's attachment in the first phase of Bowlby's attachment formation?

    <p>Infants show no preference among caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?

    <p>Deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bowlby, what is the age range for the phase of attachment formation characterized by specific, clear-cut attachments?

    <p>-24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Type A infants in terms of attachment?

    <p>They are indifferent to their mother's departure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of separation, according to the content?

    <p>Deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for the phase of attachment formation characterized by goal-coordinated partnerships?

    <p>24 months and beyond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome for the Czech twins in the Koluchova study by the age of 15?

    <p>They had normal speech and normal IQ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognition

    • Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
    • Piaget's theory of cognitive development views children as "scientists" who test and explore hypotheses about the world by reflecting on their experiences.

    Piaget's Cognitive Theory

    • Three basic components: schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development.
    • Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented, enabling the formation of a mental representation.
    • Adaptation processes: enable learning and the transition from one stage to another.
    • Stages of development: characterized by equilibrium and disequilibrium, where existing schemas can or cannot explain what has been perceived.
    • Assimilation: adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure.
    • Accommodation: reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema.

    Stages of Cognitive Development

    • Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): exploring the world through senses and motor activity, understanding cause and effect, and developing object permanence.
    • Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): developing language and communication, imagining the future, and reflecting on the past, but with difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality.
    • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): developing abstract reasoning ability, understanding conservation of matter, and understanding hierarchic categories.
    • Formal Operations (12-15 years): developing adult thinking, thinking about hypothetical situations, forming and testing hypotheses, and organizing information.

    Criticisms of Piaget

    • Tasks were methodologically flawed.
    • Underestimated the impact of culture.

    Lev Vygotsky

    • Social constructivist theory of cognitive development: highlighting the role of social and cultural interactions.
    • Importance of language: learning happens through interactions with others, allowing us to represent reality and distance ourselves from the present.

    Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

    • Lower limit: child working independently.
    • Upper limit: the level of potential skill that the child can reach with assistance.

    Scaffolding

    • Instructional technique: providing individualized support to gradually improve a learner's ability to the next level based on prior knowledge.

    Self-Concept

    • Perception about oneself, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization.
    • Develops throughout the lifespan.

    Stages of Self-Development

    • Infancy: basic sense of self, recognizing themselves in the mirror, and developing self-awareness.
    • Early Childhood: concrete descriptions, physical descriptions, and overestimation of abilities.
    • Middle and Late Childhood: shift to internal traits and abilities, social role descriptions, and more realistic about abilities.

    Perspective Taking

    • Ability to assume another's perspective.
    • Develops through stages (Selman).

    Self-Concept (Bandura, Erikson, Rogers)

    • Self-worth.
    • Ideal self: the kind of person you would like to be.
    • Self-efficacy: confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment.

    Morality

    • Understanding of the difference between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.
    • Motivates our behavior.

    Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

    • Describes how one's sense of right and wrong changes with age.
    • Three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality.

    Levels of Moral Development

    • Pre-conventional Morality: stages 1-2, focusing on punishment, obedience, and self-interest.
    • Conventional Morality: stages 3-4, focusing on concern for others, duty, and respect for authority.
    • Post-conventional Morality: stages 5-6, focusing on social contracts, universal moral principles, and individual judgments.

    Attachment

    • First social relationship, strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver.
    • Infants show attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors.

    Phases of Attachment Formation (Bowlby)

    • Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months): no preference among caregivers.
    • Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months): increasing preference for most familiar and responsive individuals.
    • Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (7-24 months): separation anxiety and stranger anxiety.
    • Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months): infants can tolerate short parental absences.

    Types of Attachment

    • Type A: didn't care, okay.
    • Type B: upset when mother goes, okay with stranger.
    • Type C: scared without mother.
    • Type D: random.

    Emotional Attachment

    • Innate.
    • Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment.
    • Separation: when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver.

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    Explore the concept of cognition, Piaget's cognitive theory, and its components, including schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development.

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