Cognitive Development and Piaget's Theory
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Questions and Answers

At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?

  • 6-8 months
  • 24 months
  • 12 months
  • 15-18 months (correct)

    • What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?

  • Self-awareness
  • Perspective taking (correct)
  • Egocentrism
  • Self-concept

    • According to the content, what is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?

  • Abstract descriptions
  • Internal traits
  • Concrete descriptions (correct)
  • Ideal selves

    • Who are the authors mentioned in the content related to self-concept?

    <p>Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?

    <p>Internal traits and abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of egocentrism?

    <p>Perspective taking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what age can almost all children recognize their own photograph?

    <p>30 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cognition?

    <p>The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, what do children do to understand the world?

    <p>They test and explore hypotheses about the world by reflecting on their experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children who are good at perspective taking?

    <p>They are popular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic building blocks of cognitive models that enable us to form a mental representation?

    <p>Schemas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is an inconsistency between a learner’s cognitive structure and the thing being learned?

    <p>Disequilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assimilation?

    <p>The process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is egocentrism?

    <p>The inability to take another person’s perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of children in the sensorimotor stage?

    <p>They cannot differentiate between themselves and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of children in the preoperational stage?

    <p>They are pre-logical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality according to Kohlberg?

    <p>20 to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why human babies are relatively helpless at birth?

    <p>Needing others to survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver?

    <p>Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bowlby, what phase of attachment formation occurs between 2-7 months?

    <p>Attachments in the Making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of infants exhibit a Type B attachment style?

    <p>66%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?

    <p>Deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?

    <p>They developed normal speech and IQ by 11 and 15, respectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the behavior infants exhibit when they seek to be near their caregivers?

    <p>Proximity-seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal self?

    <p>The kind of person you would like to be</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-efficacy reflect?

    <p>Confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is morality?

    <p>A force that motivates our behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a moral dilemma?

    <p>An ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Stage 1 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>The consequences of acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Stage 3 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>Concern for others' opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Stage 6 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>Universal ethical principle orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?

    <p>Has difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage?

    <p>7-11 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a child in the Formal Operational Stage?

    <p>Able to think about hypothetical situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?

    <p>Underestimated the impact of culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lev Vygotsky, what is the importance of language?

    <p>It allows us to communicate with each other and represent reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

    <p>The level of potential skill that a child can reach with the assistance of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?

    <p>Jerome Bruner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of scaffolding?

    <p>To provide individualized support to learners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?

    <p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?

    <p>Egocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage where children explore the world through senses and motor activity?

    <p>Sensorimotor Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the basic building blocks of cognitive models that enable us to form a mental representation?

    <p>Schemas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage where children are pre-logical and begin to use symbols and language?

    <p>Preoperational Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?

    <p>Disequilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the theorist who called children 'scientists' as they test and explore hypotheses about the world?

    <p>Jean Piaget</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of self-concept?

    <p>Traits and abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do children start to develop a distinct sense of self?

    <p>Infancy (0-1 year)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?

    <p>Shift to internal traits and abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?

    <p>Perspective taking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an individual's overall sense of self-worth?

    <p>Self-worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children's self-concept in early childhood?

    <p>Overestimation of abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the authors mentioned in the content related to self-concept?

    <p>Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror?

    <p>Mirror self-recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of children in the Preoperational Stage?

    <p>They have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main ability of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?

    <p>They can see more than one aspect of a problem at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of children in the Formal Operational Stage?

    <p>They can think about hypothetical situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of language according to Lev Vygotsky?

    <p>It is the ultimate social tool and allows children to represent reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

    <p>The range of cognitive abilities that a child can reach with the assistance of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?

    <p>Jerome Bruner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why human babies are relatively helpless at birth?

    <p>They need others to survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of scaffolding?

    <p>To provide individualized support to learners based on their prior knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?

    <p>He underestimated the impact of culture on children's cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bowlby, what phase of attachment formation occurs between 2-7 months?

    <p>Phase 2: Attachments in the making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver?

    <p>Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of infants exhibit a Type B attachment style?

    <p>66%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?

    <p>Deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality according to Kohlberg?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the behavior that infants exhibit when they seek to be near their caregivers?

    <p>Proximity-seeking behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?

    <p>They developed normally by age 15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of oneself does the Intellectual Self deal with?

    <p>Intelligence and decision-making ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

    <p>How children develop a sense of right and wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Social Contract Orientation stage of moral development?

    <p>Following rules because they are beneficial to society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-efficacy?

    <p>Confidence in one's ability to exert control over one's own motivation and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Law and Order Orientation stage of moral development?

    <p>Doing one's duty and showing respect for authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal self?

    <p>The kind of person you would like to be</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a moral dilemma?

    <p>An ambiguous situation that requires a moral decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Universal Ethical Principle Orientation stage of moral development?

    <p>Making decisions based on universal moral principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognition and Cognitive Development

    • Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
    • Piaget's Cognitive Theory: focuses on how children acquire knowledge and understanding
      • Three Basic Components:
        • Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
        • Adaptation processes: enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
        • Stages of development: equilibrium vs. disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation

    Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

    • Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
      • Explore the world through senses and motor activity
      • Begin to understand cause and effect
    • Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
      • Rapidly developing language and communication
      • Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
    • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
      • Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from concrete increases
      • Understand conservation of matter and hierarchic categories
    • Formal Operations (12 to about 15 years old):
      • Able to think about hypothetical situations
      • Form and test hypotheses
      • Organize information and reason scientifically

    Criticisms of Piaget and Other Theories

    • Criticisms of Piaget:
      • Tasks were methodologically flawed
      • Underestimated the impact of culture
    • Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory:
      • Emphasizes the role of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
      • Importance of language in learning and representation of reality
    • Jerome Bruner's Scaffolding:
      • Instructional technique that provides individualized support to learners

    Self and Self-Concept

    • Self: all the characteristics of a person, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization
    • Self-concept: perception about oneself
    • Development of Self-Understanding:
      • Infants recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
      • Sense of self becomes more distinct at about 8 months
      • By 2 years old, children exhibit self-awareness
    • Self in Early Childhood:
      • Confusion of self, mind, and body
      • Concrete descriptions
      • Physical descriptions
      • Behavior/Activities
      • Overestimation of abilities
    • Self in Middle and Late Childhood:
      • Shift to internal traits and abilities
      • Social role descriptions
      • Real and ideal selves
      • More realistic about abilities

    Morality and Moral Development

    • Morality: understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
    • Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
    • Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
      • Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (Stage 1 and 2)
      • Level 2: Conventional Morality (Stage 3 and 4)
      • Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality (Stage 5 and 6)

    Attachment and Relationships

    • Attachment: first social relationship; strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
    • Phases of Attachment Formation:
      • Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
      • Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
      • Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (-24 months)
      • Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
    • Types of Attachment:
      • Type A (20%): didn't care
      • Type B (66%): upset when mother leaves, okay with stranger
      • Type C (12%): scared without mother
      • Type D (2%): random

    Cognition and Cognitive Development

    • Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
    • Piaget's Cognitive Theory: focuses on how children acquire knowledge and understanding
      • Three Basic Components:
        • Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
        • Adaptation processes: enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
        • Stages of development: equilibrium vs. disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation

    Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

    • Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
      • Explore the world through senses and motor activity
      • Begin to understand cause and effect
    • Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
      • Rapidly developing language and communication
      • Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
    • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
      • Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from concrete increases
      • Understand conservation of matter and hierarchic categories
    • Formal Operations (12 to about 15 years old):
      • Able to think about hypothetical situations
      • Form and test hypotheses
      • Organize information and reason scientifically

    Criticisms of Piaget and Other Theories

    • Criticisms of Piaget:
      • Tasks were methodologically flawed
      • Underestimated the impact of culture
    • Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory:
      • Emphasizes the role of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
      • Importance of language in learning and representation of reality
    • Jerome Bruner's Scaffolding:
      • Instructional technique that provides individualized support to learners

    Self and Self-Concept

    • Self: all the characteristics of a person, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization
    • Self-concept: perception about oneself
    • Development of Self-Understanding:
      • Infants recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
      • Sense of self becomes more distinct at about 8 months
      • By 2 years old, children exhibit self-awareness
    • Self in Early Childhood:
      • Confusion of self, mind, and body
      • Concrete descriptions
      • Physical descriptions
      • Behavior/Activities
      • Overestimation of abilities
    • Self in Middle and Late Childhood:
      • Shift to internal traits and abilities
      • Social role descriptions
      • Real and ideal selves
      • More realistic about abilities

    Morality and Moral Development

    • Morality: understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
    • Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
    • Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
      • Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (Stage 1 and 2)
      • Level 2: Conventional Morality (Stage 3 and 4)
      • Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality (Stage 5 and 6)

    Attachment and Relationships

    • Attachment: first social relationship; strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
    • Phases of Attachment Formation:
      • Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
      • Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
      • Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (-24 months)
      • Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
    • Types of Attachment:
      • Type A (20%): didn't care
      • Type B (66%): upset when mother leaves, okay with stranger
      • Type C (12%): scared without mother
      • Type D (2%): random

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    Description

    Explore the concept of cognition, Piaget's Cognitive Theory, and its three components: schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development. Learn about how children acquire knowledge and understanding.

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