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Questions and Answers
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
- 6-8 months
- 24 months
- 12 months
- 15-18 months (correct)
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
- Self-awareness
- Perspective taking (correct)
- Egocentrism
- Self-concept
According to the content, what is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
According to the content, what is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
- Abstract descriptions
- Internal traits
- Concrete descriptions (correct)
- Ideal selves
Who are the authors mentioned in the content related to self-concept?
Who are the authors mentioned in the content related to self-concept?
What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
What is the opposite of egocentrism?
What is the opposite of egocentrism?
By what age can almost all children recognize their own photograph?
By what age can almost all children recognize their own photograph?
What is cognition?
What is cognition?
According to Piaget, what do children do to understand the world?
According to Piaget, what do children do to understand the world?
What is a characteristic of children who are good at perspective taking?
What is a characteristic of children who are good at perspective taking?
What are the basic building blocks of cognitive models that enable us to form a mental representation?
What are the basic building blocks of cognitive models that enable us to form a mental representation?
What happens when there is an inconsistency between a learner’s cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
What happens when there is an inconsistency between a learner’s cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
What is assimilation?
What is assimilation?
What is egocentrism?
What is egocentrism?
What is the characteristic of children in the sensorimotor stage?
What is the characteristic of children in the sensorimotor stage?
What is the characteristic of children in the preoperational stage?
What is the characteristic of children in the preoperational stage?
What percentage of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality according to Kohlberg?
What percentage of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality according to Kohlberg?
What is the primary reason why human babies are relatively helpless at birth?
What is the primary reason why human babies are relatively helpless at birth?
What is the term for the strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver?
What is the term for the strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver?
According to Bowlby, what phase of attachment formation occurs between 2-7 months?
According to Bowlby, what phase of attachment formation occurs between 2-7 months?
What percentage of infants exhibit a Type B attachment style?
What percentage of infants exhibit a Type B attachment style?
What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?
What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?
What was the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?
What was the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?
What is the term for the behavior infants exhibit when they seek to be near their caregivers?
What is the term for the behavior infants exhibit when they seek to be near their caregivers?
What is the ideal self?
What is the ideal self?
What does self-efficacy reflect?
What does self-efficacy reflect?
What is morality?
What is morality?
What is a moral dilemma?
What is a moral dilemma?
What is the focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the primary focus of Stage 1 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the primary focus of Stage 1 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the primary focus of Stage 3 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the primary focus of Stage 3 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the primary focus of Stage 6 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the primary focus of Stage 6 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is a characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?
What is a characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?
What is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage?
What is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage?
What is a characteristic of a child in the Formal Operational Stage?
What is a characteristic of a child in the Formal Operational Stage?
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
According to Lev Vygotsky, what is the importance of language?
According to Lev Vygotsky, what is the importance of language?
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?
Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?
What is the purpose of scaffolding?
What is the purpose of scaffolding?
What is the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
What is the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
What is the stage where children explore the world through senses and motor activity?
What is the stage where children explore the world through senses and motor activity?
What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
What is the term for the basic building blocks of cognitive models that enable us to form a mental representation?
What is the term for the basic building blocks of cognitive models that enable us to form a mental representation?
What is the stage where children are pre-logical and begin to use symbols and language?
What is the stage where children are pre-logical and begin to use symbols and language?
What occurs when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
What occurs when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
Who is the theorist who called children 'scientists' as they test and explore hypotheses about the world?
Who is the theorist who called children 'scientists' as they test and explore hypotheses about the world?
What is the primary component of self-concept?
What is the primary component of self-concept?
At what stage do children start to develop a distinct sense of self?
At what stage do children start to develop a distinct sense of self?
What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
What is the term for an individual's overall sense of self-worth?
What is the term for an individual's overall sense of self-worth?
What is a characteristic of children's self-concept in early childhood?
What is a characteristic of children's self-concept in early childhood?
Who are the authors mentioned in the content related to self-concept?
Who are the authors mentioned in the content related to self-concept?
What is the term for the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror?
What is the term for the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror?
What is the main characteristic of children in the Preoperational Stage?
What is the main characteristic of children in the Preoperational Stage?
What is the main ability of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?
What is the main ability of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?
What is the main characteristic of children in the Formal Operational Stage?
What is the main characteristic of children in the Formal Operational Stage?
What is the importance of language according to Lev Vygotsky?
What is the importance of language according to Lev Vygotsky?
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?
Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?
What is the primary reason why human babies are relatively helpless at birth?
What is the primary reason why human babies are relatively helpless at birth?
What is the purpose of scaffolding?
What is the purpose of scaffolding?
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
According to Bowlby, what phase of attachment formation occurs between 2-7 months?
According to Bowlby, what phase of attachment formation occurs between 2-7 months?
What is the term for the strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver?
What is the term for the strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver?
What percentage of infants exhibit a Type B attachment style?
What percentage of infants exhibit a Type B attachment style?
What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?
What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?
What percentage of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality according to Kohlberg?
What percentage of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality according to Kohlberg?
What is the behavior that infants exhibit when they seek to be near their caregivers?
What is the behavior that infants exhibit when they seek to be near their caregivers?
What was the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?
What was the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?
What aspect of oneself does the Intellectual Self deal with?
What aspect of oneself does the Intellectual Self deal with?
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
What is the characteristic of the Social Contract Orientation stage of moral development?
What is the characteristic of the Social Contract Orientation stage of moral development?
What is self-efficacy?
What is self-efficacy?
What is the characteristic of the Law and Order Orientation stage of moral development?
What is the characteristic of the Law and Order Orientation stage of moral development?
What is the ideal self?
What is the ideal self?
What is a moral dilemma?
What is a moral dilemma?
What is the focus of the Universal Ethical Principle Orientation stage of moral development?
What is the focus of the Universal Ethical Principle Orientation stage of moral development?
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Study Notes
Cognition and Cognitive Development
- Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
- Piaget's Cognitive Theory: focuses on how children acquire knowledge and understanding
- Three Basic Components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development: equilibrium vs. disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
- Three Basic Components:
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter and hierarchic categories
- Formal Operations (12 to about 15 years old):
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information and reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget and Other Theories
- Criticisms of Piaget:
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
- Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory:
- Emphasizes the role of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
- Importance of language in learning and representation of reality
- Jerome Bruner's Scaffolding:
- Instructional technique that provides individualized support to learners
Self and Self-Concept
- Self: all the characteristics of a person, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization
- Self-concept: perception about oneself
- Development of Self-Understanding:
- Infants recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
- Sense of self becomes more distinct at about 8 months
- By 2 years old, children exhibit self-awareness
- Self in Early Childhood:
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities
- Overestimation of abilities
- Self in Middle and Late Childhood:
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
Morality and Moral Development
- Morality: understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (Stage 1 and 2)
- Level 2: Conventional Morality (Stage 3 and 4)
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality (Stage 5 and 6)
Attachment and Relationships
- Attachment: first social relationship; strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Phases of Attachment Formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
- Types of Attachment:
- Type A (20%): didn't care
- Type B (66%): upset when mother leaves, okay with stranger
- Type C (12%): scared without mother
- Type D (2%): random
Cognition and Cognitive Development
- Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
- Piaget's Cognitive Theory: focuses on how children acquire knowledge and understanding
- Three Basic Components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development: equilibrium vs. disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
- Three Basic Components:
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter and hierarchic categories
- Formal Operations (12 to about 15 years old):
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information and reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget and Other Theories
- Criticisms of Piaget:
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
- Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory:
- Emphasizes the role of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
- Importance of language in learning and representation of reality
- Jerome Bruner's Scaffolding:
- Instructional technique that provides individualized support to learners
Self and Self-Concept
- Self: all the characteristics of a person, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization
- Self-concept: perception about oneself
- Development of Self-Understanding:
- Infants recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
- Sense of self becomes more distinct at about 8 months
- By 2 years old, children exhibit self-awareness
- Self in Early Childhood:
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities
- Overestimation of abilities
- Self in Middle and Late Childhood:
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
Morality and Moral Development
- Morality: understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (Stage 1 and 2)
- Level 2: Conventional Morality (Stage 3 and 4)
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality (Stage 5 and 6)
Attachment and Relationships
- Attachment: first social relationship; strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Phases of Attachment Formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
- Types of Attachment:
- Type A (20%): didn't care
- Type B (66%): upset when mother leaves, okay with stranger
- Type C (12%): scared without mother
- Type D (2%): random
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