80 Questions
At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
15-18 months
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
Perspective taking
According to the content, what is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
Concrete descriptions
Who are the authors mentioned in the content related to self-concept?
Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers
What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
Internal traits and abilities
What is the opposite of egocentrism?
Perspective taking
By what age can almost all children recognize their own photograph?
30 months
What is cognition?
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
According to Piaget, what do children do to understand the world?
They test and explore hypotheses about the world by reflecting on their experiences
What is a characteristic of children who are good at perspective taking?
They are popular
What are the basic building blocks of cognitive models that enable us to form a mental representation?
Schemas
What happens when there is an inconsistency between a learner’s cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
Disequilibrium
What is assimilation?
The process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure
What is egocentrism?
The inability to take another person’s perspective
What is the characteristic of children in the sensorimotor stage?
They cannot differentiate between themselves and the environment
What is the characteristic of children in the preoperational stage?
They are pre-logical
What percentage of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality according to Kohlberg?
20 to 25%
What is the primary reason why human babies are relatively helpless at birth?
Needing others to survive
What is the term for the strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver?
Attachment
According to Bowlby, what phase of attachment formation occurs between 2-7 months?
Attachments in the Making
What percentage of infants exhibit a Type B attachment style?
66%
What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?
Deprivation
What was the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?
They developed normal speech and IQ by 11 and 15, respectively
What is the term for the behavior infants exhibit when they seek to be near their caregivers?
Proximity-seeking
What is the ideal self?
The kind of person you would like to be
What does self-efficacy reflect?
Confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment
What is morality?
A force that motivates our behavior
What is a moral dilemma?
An ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
What is the focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
All of the above
What is the primary focus of Stage 1 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
The consequences of acts
What is the primary focus of Stage 3 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
Concern for others' opinions
What is the primary focus of Stage 6 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
Universal ethical principle orientation
What is a characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?
Has difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
What is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage?
7-11 years old
What is a characteristic of a child in the Formal Operational Stage?
Able to think about hypothetical situations
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
Underestimated the impact of culture
According to Lev Vygotsky, what is the importance of language?
It allows us to communicate with each other and represent reality
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The level of potential skill that a child can reach with the assistance of others
Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?
Jerome Bruner
What is the purpose of scaffolding?
To provide individualized support to learners
What is the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
Assimilation
What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
Egocentrism
What is the stage where children explore the world through senses and motor activity?
Sensorimotor Stage
What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
Accommodation
What is the term for the basic building blocks of cognitive models that enable us to form a mental representation?
Schemas
What is the stage where children are pre-logical and begin to use symbols and language?
Preoperational Stage
What occurs when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
Disequilibrium
Who is the theorist who called children 'scientists' as they test and explore hypotheses about the world?
Jean Piaget
What is the primary component of self-concept?
Traits and abilities
At what stage do children start to develop a distinct sense of self?
Infancy (0-1 year)
What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
Shift to internal traits and abilities
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
Perspective taking
What is the term for an individual's overall sense of self-worth?
Self-worth
What is a characteristic of children's self-concept in early childhood?
Overestimation of abilities
Who are the authors mentioned in the content related to self-concept?
Bandura, Erikson, and Rogers
What is the term for the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror?
Mirror self-recognition
What is the main characteristic of children in the Preoperational Stage?
They have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
What is the main ability of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?
They can see more than one aspect of a problem at a time
What is the main characteristic of children in the Formal Operational Stage?
They can think about hypothetical situations
What is the importance of language according to Lev Vygotsky?
It is the ultimate social tool and allows children to represent reality
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The range of cognitive abilities that a child can reach with the assistance of others
Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?
Jerome Bruner
What is the primary reason why human babies are relatively helpless at birth?
They need others to survive
What is the purpose of scaffolding?
To provide individualized support to learners based on their prior knowledge
What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
He underestimated the impact of culture on children's cognitive development
According to Bowlby, what phase of attachment formation occurs between 2-7 months?
Phase 2: Attachments in the making
What is the term for the strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver?
Attachment
What percentage of infants exhibit a Type B attachment style?
66%
What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?
Deprivation
What percentage of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality according to Kohlberg?
20-25%
What is the behavior that infants exhibit when they seek to be near their caregivers?
Proximity-seeking behavior
What was the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?
They developed normally by age 15
What aspect of oneself does the Intellectual Self deal with?
Intelligence and decision-making ability
What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
How children develop a sense of right and wrong
What is the characteristic of the Social Contract Orientation stage of moral development?
Following rules because they are beneficial to society
What is self-efficacy?
Confidence in one's ability to exert control over one's own motivation and behavior
What is the characteristic of the Law and Order Orientation stage of moral development?
Doing one's duty and showing respect for authority
What is the ideal self?
The kind of person you would like to be
What is a moral dilemma?
An ambiguous situation that requires a moral decision
What is the focus of the Universal Ethical Principle Orientation stage of moral development?
Making decisions based on universal moral principles
Study Notes
Cognition and Cognitive Development
- Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
- Piaget's Cognitive Theory: focuses on how children acquire knowledge and understanding
- Three Basic Components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development: equilibrium vs. disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
- Three Basic Components:
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter and hierarchic categories
- Formal Operations (12 to about 15 years old):
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information and reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget and Other Theories
- Criticisms of Piaget:
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
- Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory:
- Emphasizes the role of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
- Importance of language in learning and representation of reality
- Jerome Bruner's Scaffolding:
- Instructional technique that provides individualized support to learners
Self and Self-Concept
- Self: all the characteristics of a person, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization
- Self-concept: perception about oneself
- Development of Self-Understanding:
- Infants recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
- Sense of self becomes more distinct at about 8 months
- By 2 years old, children exhibit self-awareness
- Self in Early Childhood:
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities
- Overestimation of abilities
- Self in Middle and Late Childhood:
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
Morality and Moral Development
- Morality: understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (Stage 1 and 2)
- Level 2: Conventional Morality (Stage 3 and 4)
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality (Stage 5 and 6)
Attachment and Relationships
- Attachment: first social relationship; strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Phases of Attachment Formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
- Types of Attachment:
- Type A (20%): didn't care
- Type B (66%): upset when mother leaves, okay with stranger
- Type C (12%): scared without mother
- Type D (2%): random
Cognition and Cognitive Development
- Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
- Piaget's Cognitive Theory: focuses on how children acquire knowledge and understanding
- Three Basic Components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development: equilibrium vs. disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
- Three Basic Components:
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter and hierarchic categories
- Formal Operations (12 to about 15 years old):
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information and reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget and Other Theories
- Criticisms of Piaget:
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
- Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory:
- Emphasizes the role of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
- Importance of language in learning and representation of reality
- Jerome Bruner's Scaffolding:
- Instructional technique that provides individualized support to learners
Self and Self-Concept
- Self: all the characteristics of a person, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization
- Self-concept: perception about oneself
- Development of Self-Understanding:
- Infants recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
- Sense of self becomes more distinct at about 8 months
- By 2 years old, children exhibit self-awareness
- Self in Early Childhood:
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities
- Overestimation of abilities
- Self in Middle and Late Childhood:
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
Morality and Moral Development
- Morality: understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (Stage 1 and 2)
- Level 2: Conventional Morality (Stage 3 and 4)
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality (Stage 5 and 6)
Attachment and Relationships
- Attachment: first social relationship; strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Phases of Attachment Formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
- Types of Attachment:
- Type A (20%): didn't care
- Type B (66%): upset when mother leaves, okay with stranger
- Type C (12%): scared without mother
- Type D (2%): random
Explore the concept of cognition, Piaget's Cognitive Theory, and its three components: schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development. Learn about how children acquire knowledge and understanding.
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