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At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
According to the content, what is a characteristic of self-concept in early childhood?
Who are the authors mentioned in the content related to self-concept?
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What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
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What is the opposite of egocentrism?
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By what age can almost all children recognize their own photograph?
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What is cognition?
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According to Piaget, what do children do to understand the world?
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What is a characteristic of children who are good at perspective taking?
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What are the basic building blocks of cognitive models that enable us to form a mental representation?
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What happens when there is an inconsistency between a learner’s cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
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What is assimilation?
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What is egocentrism?
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What is the characteristic of children in the sensorimotor stage?
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What is the characteristic of children in the preoperational stage?
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What percentage of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality according to Kohlberg?
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What is the primary reason why human babies are relatively helpless at birth?
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What is the term for the strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver?
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According to Bowlby, what phase of attachment formation occurs between 2-7 months?
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What percentage of infants exhibit a Type B attachment style?
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What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?
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What was the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?
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What is the term for the behavior infants exhibit when they seek to be near their caregivers?
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What is the ideal self?
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What does self-efficacy reflect?
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What is morality?
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What is a moral dilemma?
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What is the focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
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What is the primary focus of Stage 1 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
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What is the primary focus of Stage 3 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
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What is the primary focus of Stage 6 of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
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What is a characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?
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What is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage?
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What is a characteristic of a child in the Formal Operational Stage?
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What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
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According to Lev Vygotsky, what is the importance of language?
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What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
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Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?
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What is the purpose of scaffolding?
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What is the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
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What is the term for the inability to take another person's perspective?
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What is the stage where children explore the world through senses and motor activity?
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What is the term for the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
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What is the term for the basic building blocks of cognitive models that enable us to form a mental representation?
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What is the stage where children are pre-logical and begin to use symbols and language?
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What occurs when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
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Who is the theorist who called children 'scientists' as they test and explore hypotheses about the world?
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What is the primary component of self-concept?
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At what stage do children start to develop a distinct sense of self?
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What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
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What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
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What is the term for an individual's overall sense of self-worth?
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What is a characteristic of children's self-concept in early childhood?
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Who are the authors mentioned in the content related to self-concept?
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What is the term for the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror?
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What is the main characteristic of children in the Preoperational Stage?
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What is the main ability of children in the Concrete Operational Stage?
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What is the main characteristic of children in the Formal Operational Stage?
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What is the importance of language according to Lev Vygotsky?
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What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
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Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?
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What is the primary reason why human babies are relatively helpless at birth?
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What is the purpose of scaffolding?
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What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?
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According to Bowlby, what phase of attachment formation occurs between 2-7 months?
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What is the term for the strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver?
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What percentage of infants exhibit a Type B attachment style?
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What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?
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What percentage of the adult population attains the post-conventional level of morality according to Kohlberg?
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What is the behavior that infants exhibit when they seek to be near their caregivers?
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What was the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?
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What aspect of oneself does the Intellectual Self deal with?
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What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
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What is the characteristic of the Social Contract Orientation stage of moral development?
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What is self-efficacy?
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What is the characteristic of the Law and Order Orientation stage of moral development?
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What is the ideal self?
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What is the focus of the Universal Ethical Principle Orientation stage of moral development?
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Study Notes
Cognition and Cognitive Development
- Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
- Piaget's Cognitive Theory: focuses on how children acquire knowledge and understanding
- Three Basic Components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development: equilibrium vs. disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
- Three Basic Components:
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter and hierarchic categories
- Formal Operations (12 to about 15 years old):
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information and reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget and Other Theories
- Criticisms of Piaget:
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
- Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory:
- Emphasizes the role of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
- Importance of language in learning and representation of reality
- Jerome Bruner's Scaffolding:
- Instructional technique that provides individualized support to learners
Self and Self-Concept
- Self: all the characteristics of a person, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization
- Self-concept: perception about oneself
- Development of Self-Understanding:
- Infants recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
- Sense of self becomes more distinct at about 8 months
- By 2 years old, children exhibit self-awareness
- Self in Early Childhood:
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities
- Overestimation of abilities
- Self in Middle and Late Childhood:
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
Morality and Moral Development
- Morality: understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (Stage 1 and 2)
- Level 2: Conventional Morality (Stage 3 and 4)
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality (Stage 5 and 6)
Attachment and Relationships
- Attachment: first social relationship; strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Phases of Attachment Formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
- Types of Attachment:
- Type A (20%): didn't care
- Type B (66%): upset when mother leaves, okay with stranger
- Type C (12%): scared without mother
- Type D (2%): random
Cognition and Cognitive Development
- Cognition: the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
- Piaget's Cognitive Theory: focuses on how children acquire knowledge and understanding
- Three Basic Components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: enable learning and the transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development: equilibrium vs. disequilibrium, assimilation, and accommodation
- Three Basic Components:
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to about 2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Preoperational Stage (2 to about 7 years old):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter and hierarchic categories
- Formal Operations (12 to about 15 years old):
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information and reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget and Other Theories
- Criticisms of Piaget:
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
- Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory:
- Emphasizes the role of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
- Importance of language in learning and representation of reality
- Jerome Bruner's Scaffolding:
- Instructional technique that provides individualized support to learners
Self and Self-Concept
- Self: all the characteristics of a person, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization
- Self-concept: perception about oneself
- Development of Self-Understanding:
- Infants recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
- Sense of self becomes more distinct at about 8 months
- By 2 years old, children exhibit self-awareness
- Self in Early Childhood:
- Confusion of self, mind, and body
- Concrete descriptions
- Physical descriptions
- Behavior/Activities
- Overestimation of abilities
- Self in Middle and Late Childhood:
- Shift to internal traits and abilities
- Social role descriptions
- Real and ideal selves
- More realistic about abilities
Morality and Moral Development
- Morality: understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
- Moral dilemma: an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
- Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (Stage 1 and 2)
- Level 2: Conventional Morality (Stage 3 and 4)
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality (Stage 5 and 6)
Attachment and Relationships
- Attachment: first social relationship; strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
- Phases of Attachment Formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability (0-2 months)
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making (2-7 months)
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments (-24 months)
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships (24 months)
- Types of Attachment:
- Type A (20%): didn't care
- Type B (66%): upset when mother leaves, okay with stranger
- Type C (12%): scared without mother
- Type D (2%): random
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Description
Explore the concept of cognition, Piaget's Cognitive Theory, and its three components: schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development. Learn about how children acquire knowledge and understanding.