Clinical Psychology Lecture 8: Theoretical Models

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Questions and Answers

What is the cognitive model primarily based on?

Information processing viewpoint (correct)

Social learning theory

Behavioral responses to stimuli

Emotional experiences

Which type of therapy is identified as the leading model of therapy today?

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (correct)

Humanistic Therapy

Gestalt Therapy

Psychoanalytic Therapy

What do core beliefs primarily influence?

Physical health alone

Cognitive processing and understanding (correct)

Social interactions only

Biological reactions

Which of the following represents an example of a helpless core belief?

I am inadequate and ineffective. Signup and view all the answers

According to Ellis, what occurs when thoughts are irrational?

Negative emotional habits Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive distortion involves interpreting experiences in terms of extremes?

Dichotomous thinking Signup and view all the answers

What defines automatic thoughts?

They occur spontaneously and often lack reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive distortion involves concluding something without supporting evidence?

Arbitrary inference Signup and view all the answers

What does the A-B-C model in Ellis's framework stand for?

Activating event - Belief - Consequences Signup and view all the answers

How do schemas function within the cognitive model?

They provide a framework for understanding experiences. Signup and view all the answers

According to Beck's cognitive triad, which of the following represents a negative view of the self?

I am worthless and stupid. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a worthless core belief?

I am a waste and do not deserve to live. Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of adopting illogical responses to life situations according to the cognitive model?

Pathology or psychological disturbance Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive distortion refers to assuming the worst possible outcome?

Anticipating negative outcomes Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive specificity hypothesis characterize depression?

Through a negative view of self, others, and the future. Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive distortion allows a person to feel they know what others are thinking?

Mind-reading Signup and view all the answers

What is a core belief commonly linked with anxiety?

I am unable to protect myself Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the negative triad associated with depression regarding self-view?

I am unlovable Signup and view all the answers

In the cognitive behavioral paradigm, which element is primarily assessed after a triggering event?

Automated thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive behavioral therapy primarily emphasize at the beginning of treatment?

The present issues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the negative triad associated with anxiety?

I cannot trust anyone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary implication of the cognitive behavioral paradigm regarding behavior?

Behavior is learned Signup and view all the answers

What type of strategies might someone with underlying assumptions and core beliefs employ?

Compensatory strategies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common bodily sensation associated with low energy in anxiety?

Disruption of sleep Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 8: Basic Theoretical Models of Human Functioning in Clinical Psychology (Part III)

This lecture covers basic theoretical models used in clinical psychology.
The speaker is Anna Gabińska, PhD.
The lecture overview focuses on cognitive and cognitive-behavioral models.

Cognitive Model

Based on an information processing viewpoint.
Cognition involves mental processes like perception, recognition, judgment, and reasoning.
Schemas are sets of underlying assumptions, beliefs, attributions, and expectancies derived from experience and perceived capabilities.
Irrational and maladaptive assumptions and thoughts contribute to psychological distress.
Distortions in thought processes can lead to dysfunction.
Beck's Cognitive Therapy for depression and Ellis's Rational Emotive Therapy are key approaches.
Generalized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the leading model of therapy today.

Ellis – Irrational Beliefs

Ellis believed that thoughts shift between rational and irrational states.
Rational thinking leads to rational behavior, happiness, competence, and efficiency.
Irrational thinking can lead to negative or dysfunctional thinking patterns and psychological disturbance (e.g., depression or anxiety).

Cognitive Model - Ellis

Dysfunctional thought patterns are central to psychological disorders.
Illogical responses to life situations are a crucial factor in illness.
The ABC model (Activating event – Belief – Consequences) is a framework to understand negative thought cycles.

What are Automatic Thoughts?

Automatic thoughts arise spontaneously in response to a situation.
They often occur as shorthand words or images.
These are not subject to conscious reasoning.
They lack a logical sequence and are often difficult to change.
They can be hard to articulate.
Stressful situations can trigger automatic distressing thoughts, which then lead to negative emotions.

Core Beliefs

Core beliefs underlie and produce automatic thoughts.
These beliefs influence our information processing, forming our self-, other-, and future views.
Core beliefs usually remain dormant until triggered by stress or adverse life events.
Categories of core beliefs can include feelings of helplessness, worthlessness, and unlovability.
Core beliefs form a basis for automatic thoughts

Examples of Core Beliefs

Helpless: Feelings of inadequacy, being unable to cope, out of control, and trapped.
Unlovable: Feelings of unlikability, unworthiness, and being rejected or abandoned.
Worthless: Feelings of unacceptability and being a waste.

Beck - Cognitive Distortions

Patients with psychiatric disorders tend to have consistent errors in thinking.
Errors include arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification/minimization, dichotomous thinking, and emotional reasoning.
Incorrect assessment of danger versus safety could exacerbate negative outcomes.
There is often a biased processing bias of negative information.

Beck ‐ Cognitive Triad

Beck identified three forms of negative thinking, a cognitive triad, common in depression.
- Negative views about the future
- Negative views about oneself
- Negative views about the world

Cognitive Specificity Hypothesis

Psychological disorders are linked with distinct psychological profiles.
Different disorders feature different negative thought patterns, like helplessness in depression or risk-focused thinking in anxiety.

Cognitive Specificity (Negative Triad)

Negative triad for depression: negative view of self, others, and the future.
Negative triad for anxiety: negative view of self, others, and perception of the future emphasizing risk.

Cognitive Conceptualization

A model that illustrates the interplay between current situations, previous life events, beliefs and thoughts, physiology, emotions, behavior, and compensatory strategies.

The Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm

Subsequent research in behavioral approaches showed the importance of cognitive processes, integrating "cognitive" with "behavioral."
Cognitive-behavioral therapists are more focused on treatment over the etiology.
Normal and abnormal behavior are learned.

Working Model of CBT

Triggering event, Appraisal, Behavior, Behavioral Inclination, and Bodily Sensations.
The model illustrates how a sequence of events lead to certain thoughts, behaviors, and physical feelings.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT is goal-oriented and problem-focused.
CBT initially emphasizes the present.
CBT is educational.
CBT helps patients identify, evaluate, and respond to dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs.
CBT utilizes diverse techniques to change thinking, mood, and behavior.

Etiology of Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Genetic vulnerability plays a role in mood disorders (e.g., concordance rates).
Neurochemical factors, (e.g., neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin), are correlated with mood disorders.
Neuroanatomical factors (e.g., reduced hippocampal volume), inflammation, cognitive factors (e.g., learned helplessness), interpersonal roots, and precipitating stress all contribute to the development of mood disorders.

Interpreting the Correlation Between Negative Thinking and Depression

Negative thinking (attributions) can negatively affect neurochemical activity; which in turns can contribute to the development of depression

Modern CBT

This section lists common modern cognitive-behavioral approaches, including Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), Metacognitive Therapy (MCT), Schema Therapy, and Panic Control Treatment (PCT).

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Description

Explore the fundamental theoretical models of human functioning in clinical psychology in this lecture led by Dr. Anna Gabińska. Focused on cognitive and cognitive-behavioral approaches, learn about the role of cognition, schemas, and key therapies such as Beck's Cognitive Therapy and Ellis's Rational Emotive Therapy.