30 Questions
Which organ is responsible for secreting a proenzyme called pepsinogen to begin protein digestion?
Stomach
What is the primary cause of negative nitrogen balance in older adults according to the text?
Inadequate dietary protein
Which hormone is responsible for causing the gall bladder contraction during protein digestion?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
What is the function of enteropeptidase in protein digestion?
Activates trypsinogen to produce trypsin
In which phase of life is negative nitrogen balance most commonly associated according to the text?
Old age
Which organ secretes peptide hormones called cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin into the circulatory system for protein digestion?
Small intestine
What is the main difference between proteins of high biological value and proteins of low biological value?
High biological value proteins are more digestible and contain high essential amino acids, while low biological value proteins are less digestible and contain inadequate essential amino acids.
When two or more fair proteins are taken together, what can happen?
They may become of good value due to complementing amino acids.
Why is it important to supplement animals not only with essential amino acids but also with nonessential amino acids?
To spare the essential amino acids lost in their synthesis.
Which nonprotein nitrogenous compound is excreted by humans in the largest amount?
Urea
What does positive nitrogen balance indicate?
N input exceeds N output during growth.
Why is it crucial for animal nutrition to provide adequate essential amino acids?
To ensure proper growth and health.
What modification is made to Glu to form pyroglutamic acid in Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)?
It is modified to pyroglutamic acid
Which peptide is involved in erythrocyte membrane integrity and enzyme activity?
Glutathione
How many amino acids are present in Vasopressin (ADH)?
9
What differentiates Angiotensin I from Angiotensin II in terms of amino acid count?
Angiotensin I has 10 and Angiotensin II has 8 amino acids
Which antibiotic contains D-phenyl alanine instead of L-amino acids?
Gramicidin S
What are the precursors for the biosynthesis of catecholamines like dopamine?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Which molecule is synthesized from tryptophan?
Serotonin
Where is the largest amount of serotonin found in the body?
Intestinal mucosa cells
What is the function of nitric oxide in macrophages?
Killing bacteria and tumor cells
In what form is nitric oxide synthase present in brain and endothelial cells?
Constitutive calcium-dependent form
What physiological roles does serotonin play?
Regulation of mood and cognitive functions
How does nitric oxide affect blood pressure?
It lowers blood pressure by causing vasodilation
What is the consequence of abnormally high levels of nitric oxide during a stroke?
Killing neurons similar to how macrophages kill bacteria.
What is the role of nitroglycerin in the treatment of angina pectoris?
It converts into nitric oxide, which helps dilate coronary arteries.
How does administering an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase affect stroke damage in animals?
Provides some protection from stroke damage.
What is one role of nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter?
Facilitating penile erection.
Which compound functions in brain tissue as an inhibitory neurotransmitter by altering transmembrane potential differences?
$ ext{GABA} (γ-Aminobutyrate)$
What is the function of glutamate in the central nervous system?
Acting as an excitatory neurotransmitter.
Learn about the classification of proteins based on their biological value, including high biological value proteins (animal proteins), low biological value proteins (plant proteins), and proteins of non-biological value. Understand the differences in digestibility, palatability, and essential amino acid content.
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