Lecture 1

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Questions and Answers

What term did Pavlov use to describe the learned response?

Stimulus reaction

Psychic reflex (correct)

Unconditioned response

Conditioned response (correct)

What is the primary characteristic of second order conditioning?

Requires the unconditioned response for learning

Links a new conditioned stimulus with an established conditioned stimulus (correct)

Results in extinction of the first conditioned response

Involves only unconditioned stimuli

What is the relationship between conditioned responses and unconditioned responses?

Unconditioned responses are learned behaviors

They are always identical

Conditioned responses can differ from unconditioned responses (correct)

Conditioned responses are more intense

Which of the following is an example of aversive conditioning?

Conditioned fear Signup and view all the answers

What best describes Pavlov's concept of 'stimulus substitution'?

The brain replaces the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiment, what was the food categorized as?

Unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior does classical conditioning help to explain?

Maladaptive behaviors and learned associations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a part of classical conditioning?

Avoidance learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process involved in the acquisition phase of conditioning?

Repeated presentations of CS with US Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the extinction phase of conditioning?

The CS is presented alone following acquisition Signup and view all the answers

How does spontaneous recovery relate to extinction?

It is the sudden increase in the CR after a pause post-extinction Signup and view all the answers

In the context of advertising, what does conditioning primarily rely on?

Associating positive stimuli with products Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'renewal' in conditioning?

CR reappears in the original context after extinction Signup and view all the answers

What assumption underlies the effectiveness of advertising through conditioning?

Positive emotions are often misattributed to brands Signup and view all the answers

Which graphical representation best depicts the pattern of a CR during acquisition?

An increasing line showing growth in CR strength over trials Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the extinction of a conditioned response?

The CS is presented repeatedly without the US Signup and view all the answers

What is classical conditioning also known as?

Pavlovian conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is second-order conditioning?

The process of conditioning a new stimulus by pairing it with a previously conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the process of extinction in classical conditioning?

Extinction is the gradual decrease in the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus over time. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning Overview

Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning, was pioneered by Ivan Pavlov.
The learned response is termed "psychic reflex," later known as the "conditioned response" (CR).
The process of associating stimuli is referred to as "conditioning."

Key Terminology

Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally elicits a response (e.g., food).
Unconditioned Response (UR): A natural reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation to food).
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after association, elicits a response (e.g., bell).
Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the conditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation to the bell).

Conditioning Process

"Stimulus substitution" describes how the brain substitutes the CS for the US without creating new behaviors.
The CR may differ from the UR despite being a response to the same stimulus.

Second Order Conditioning

Involves pairing an additional stimulus (CS2) with a previously conditioned stimulus (CS1) to elicit a CR.
Example: The light (CS2) is presented alongside the bell (CS1) and food (US), leading to a CR when the light is presented alone.

Applications and Implications

Classical conditioning is often viewed as a study of automatic reflexes but is crucial for understanding learning and behavior.
It provides insights into how environments impact behaviors through both first-order and higher-order conditioning.
Useful for analyzing maladaptive behaviors through its experimental applications (associative learning).

Examples of Classical Conditioning

Appetitive Conditioning:
- Influences food preferences and place preferences associated with positive encounters.
Aversive Conditioning:
- Can lead to conditioned fear responses, anticipatory nausea, conditioned taste aversions, and place avoidance.

Classical Conditioning in Advertising

Advertising often uses classical conditioning by pairing a brand/product (CS) with positive emotional stimuli (US).
The audience fails to distinguish the source of positive feelings, misattributing them to the product or brand.

Acquisition and Extinction

Acquisition Phase:
- Repeated pairing of CS and US strengthens the CR, shown as increased response levels when the CS is presented.
Extinction Phase:
- Presenting the CS alone after acquisition reduces the CR, indicating a decline in response strength over time.

Spontaneous Recovery and Renewal

Spontaneous recovery can occur after a rest period following extinction, where the CR reappears upon re-exposure to the CS.
Renewal refers to recovery of the CR when the CS is presented in the original context where conditioning occurred.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of classical conditioning in this lecture. Delve into concepts like second-order conditioning and extinction, along with key terminology introduced by Ivan Pavlov. This quiz will help you strengthen your understanding of Pavlov's groundbreaking experiments and theories.