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Questions and Answers
The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called?
The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called?
conditioning
Who discovered the basic process of classical conditioning?
Who discovered the basic process of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
The term 'elicit' is used in classical conditioning. What does it mean?
The term 'elicit' is used in classical conditioning. What does it mean?
draws out
In response to a cold temperature, what is described as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
In response to a cold temperature, what is described as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
In response to cutting up an onion, what is termed the unconditioned response (UCR)?
In response to cutting up an onion, what is termed the unconditioned response (UCR)?
To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, a(n) ___________ are repeatedly paired.
To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, a(n) ___________ are repeatedly paired.
Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning what?
Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning what?
What does behaviorism emphasize in the study of psychology?
What does behaviorism emphasize in the study of psychology?
Who made the claim about training any infant to become a specialist?
Who made the claim about training any infant to become a specialist?
Which of the following best illustrates classical conditioning?
Which of the following best illustrates classical conditioning?
Which of the following does NOT illustrate classical conditioning?
Which of the following does NOT illustrate classical conditioning?
What represents a valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's 'Little Albert' study?
What represents a valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's 'Little Albert' study?
How did John Watson influence American Business?
How did John Watson influence American Business?
What is the best explanation for habitual coffee drinkers experiencing alertness upon sipping coffee?
What is the best explanation for habitual coffee drinkers experiencing alertness upon sipping coffee?
How does the cognitive view of classical conditioning differ from the traditional behavioral perspective?
How does the cognitive view of classical conditioning differ from the traditional behavioral perspective?
From the cognitive perspective, what does classical conditioning depend on?
From the cognitive perspective, what does classical conditioning depend on?
What did dogs learn in Pavlov's original experiment?
What did dogs learn in Pavlov's original experiment?
The idea that organisms are innately predisposed to form certain associations is termed?
The idea that organisms are innately predisposed to form certain associations is termed?
What does the evolutionary approach to classical conditioning emphasize?
What does the evolutionary approach to classical conditioning emphasize?
Why are phobias of certain objects more common than others according to Martin Seligman?
Why are phobias of certain objects more common than others according to Martin Seligman?
What does the evolutionary perspective explain about common phobias?
What does the evolutionary perspective explain about common phobias?
Classical conditioning involves _____________, while operant conditioning involves ______________.
Classical conditioning involves _____________, while operant conditioning involves ______________.
What is the 'law of effect'?
What is the 'law of effect'?
What does Skinner's term 'operant' describe?
What does Skinner's term 'operant' describe?
What did Skinner believe psychology should study?
What did Skinner believe psychology should study?
In operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
In operant conditioning, what is reinforcement?
Which statement best captures the basic idea of operant conditioning?
Which statement best captures the basic idea of operant conditioning?
Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as:
Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as:
Tom consistently backs up his computer data to avoid losing any data. What is this an example of?
Tom consistently backs up his computer data to avoid losing any data. What is this an example of?
Which of the following would be considered a conditioned reinforcer?
Which of the following would be considered a conditioned reinforcer?
What are possible examples of conditioned reinforcers?
What are possible examples of conditioned reinforcers?
Negative reinforcement __________ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and positive punishment __________ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Negative reinforcement __________ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and positive punishment __________ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is known as conditioning.
- Ivan Pavlov is credited with discovering the basic process of classical conditioning.
- In this context, "elicit" refers to a stimulus that prompts an existing behavior to occur.
- An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally triggers a reflexive response, such as shivering due to cold.
- An unconditioned response (UCR) is the automatic reaction, e.g., tearing up when cutting an onion.
Process of Classical Conditioning
- A neutral stimulus must be paired repeatedly with a stimulus that naturally produces a response to create a learned reaction.
- Classical conditioning focuses on learning the association between two stimuli.
- Behaviorism emphasizes the scientific study of observable behaviors, neglecting mental processes.
Influence of John B. Watson
- John B. Watson claimed he could train any infant to become a specialist irrespective of their background.
- He criticized the ethical implications of inducing long-lasting fears in participants, as seen in the "Little Albert" study.
- Watson pioneered the use of classical conditioning in advertising, associating emotional responses with consumer products.
Cognitive Perspective
- Classical conditioning from a cognitive viewpoint incorporates mental processes alongside external events.
- Information provided by the conditioned stimulus (CS) about the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is fundamental to the learning process.
Biological Preparedness
- Organisms are inherently predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses, a concept known as biological preparedness.
- The evolutionary perspective highlights that specific phobias are more prevalent due to their historical threat to survival, such as fears of snakes or heights.
Operant Conditioning
- Reflexive behaviors fall under classical conditioning; voluntary behaviors align with operant conditioning.
- The "law of effect," established by Edward Thorndike, indicates that voluntary behaviors can change based on their consequences.
- B.F. Skinner coined "operant" to denote active behaviors that influence the environment and yield consequences.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- In operant conditioning, reinforcement increases the likelihood of repeated behavior, while punishment decreases it.
- Positive reinforcement involves adding a favorable stimulus, whereas negative reinforcement entails removing an unfavorable stimulus.
- Examples of conditioned reinforcers include money and social approvals, highlighting learned associations.
Practical Applications
- The act of frequently backing up data can be seen as negative reinforcement by avoiding loss.
- Immediate responses, like feeling alert from caffeine, can be explained through classical conditioning where environmental cues trigger conditioned responses.
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