Classical Conditioning Overview
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Questions and Answers

In classical conditioning, what is the role of the unconditioned stimulus?

  • It predicts a response that is learned through experience.
  • It is a neutral event that requires interaction to induce a reaction.
  • It naturally evokes a response without prior training. (correct)
  • It is conditioned to become a significant event over time.

    • What does the conditioned response signify in classical conditioning?

  • A biological response to an unconditioned stimulus.
  • A reflexive reaction to a neutral stimulus.
  • A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus. (correct)
  • The initial response to an unconditioned stimulus before conditioning.

    • Which example best represents appetitive conditioning?

  • Feeling pain when subjected to a harmful stimulus.
  • Learning to salivate when hearing a bell associated with food. (correct)
  • Responding with withdrawal to a negative reinforcement.
  • Developing fear from exposure to an aversive event.

    • What type of conditioning occurs when a painful stimulus is the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Aversive conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is best known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning?

    <p>Ivan Pavlov.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unconditioned stimulus (US) used in the Little Albert experiment?

    <p>The noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of conditioning results in the fastest acquisition of a conditioned response?

    <p>Delay conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between extinction and counterconditioning?

    <p>Extinction creates a new response; counterconditioning replaces an old response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of classical conditioning, what does the term 'blocking' refer to?

    <p>Prior training to one cue hindering the learning of a new cue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic response during the acquisition phase of eyeblink conditioning?

    <p>A slow, anticipatory blink before the US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'overshadowing' refer to in compound conditioning?

    <p>One cue dominates the conditioning process because it is more salient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes spontaneous recovery?

    <p>The reappearance of a conditioned response after a delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In trace conditioning, what impacts the speed of acquisition?

    <p>The length of the interstimulus interval (ISI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a conditioned taste aversion?

    <p>A learned aversion associated with getting sick after eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically observed during extinction of a conditioned response?

    <p>A gradual reduction in the CR as the CS is presented alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a conditioned response (CR) when returning to the original conditioning context after extinction?

    <p>The CR is renewed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

    <p>The CR returns after a period of time without stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can extinction of a conditioned response (CR) be made more effective?

    <p>By employing extinction cues that help retrieve inhibitory associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes classical conditioning from habituation?

    <p>Classical conditioning creates an association, whereas habituation decreases response strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does bias toward context-general acquisition but context-specific extinction imply?

    <p>Learned associations can occur in multiple contexts but may extinguish only in the context they were learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a demonstration of sensitization?

    <p>A strong stimulus causes a heightened response to a different stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial in the process of extinction of a conditioned response?

    <p>Performing extinction in varied contexts to reduce specificity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the persistence of conditioned responses?

    <p>Negative associations are especially strong in their persistence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to a prediction error in learning?

    <p>A mismatch between predicted and actual outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does context play in conditioning according to the content?

    <p>Context acts as an additional conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned compensatory response?

    <p>An opposite biological response to a drug's effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the blocking effect demonstrate in conditioning?

    <p>A stimulus fully predicts the unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during extinction in classical conditioning?

    <p>The conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger a relapse in fear responses after exposure therapy for PTSD?

    <p>Returning to the same context as the traumatic event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors are included in interoceptive context?

    <p>Mood and hormonal states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of conditioned tolerance to drugs?

    <p>Increased likelihood of overdose in unfamiliar contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of exposure therapy in treating anxiety disorders?

    <p>To create new associations with fear-inducing stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does homeostasis relate to conditioned responses during drug use?

    <p>It helps maintain equilibrium despite drug effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classical Conditioning

    • Learning to predict and react to events
    • Neutral event, through repeated experience, becomes a signal for a meaningful event
    • Unconditioned stimulus (US): biologically significant stimulus that naturally evokes a response
    • Unconditioned response (UR): naturally occurring response to a US
    • Conditioned stimulus (CS): stimulus or cue that, through training, evokes a response
    • Conditioned response (CR): trained response to a CS, in anticipation of the US
    • Appetitive conditioning: US is a desirable event (e.g., food, pleasant touch)
    • Aversive conditioning: US is an undesirable event (e.g., shock, painful stimuli)

    Ivan Pavlov

    • Russian physiologist who studied digestive function
    • Established principles of acquisition and extinction of conditioned responses (Pavlovian/classical conditioning)
    • Pavlov's dogs: classical conditioning experiments

    Classical Conditioning in "The Office"

    • US: Altoids (stimulus)
    • UR: reaching for altoids (response)
    • CS: chime (stimulus)
    • CR: reaching for altoids

    Little Albert Experiment

    • US: loud noise
    • UR: fear (crying)
    • CS: rat
    • CR: fear (crying, avoidance)
    • US: puff of air to the eye (innate UR)
    • UR: eyeblink
    • CS: tone or light
    • CR: eyeblink (learned response)

    Acquisition of CR

    • Development of a conditioned response over repeated experience
    • Acquisition is faster when US and CS are stronger/more salient
    • Generalization occurs to similar stimuli

    Timing Affects Acquisition

    • Delay conditioning: onset of CS precedes US; no gap between CS and US; both end at same time
    • Simultaneous conditioning: CS and US begin simultaneously
    • Trace conditioning: CS and US are separated by an interstimulus interval (ISI); slower learning than delay conditioning
    • Backwards conditioning: US occurs after CS; less effective for learning

    Extinction

    • Reduction of a learned response by ceasing to pair the stimulus with the reward or punishment
    • Conditioned response (CR) can persist even after extinction

    Spontaneous Recovery

    • Renewal of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay or due to a change in context

    Contextual Conditioning

    • Stimuli that compose a context act together as a CS
    • Context and internal bodily state are important parts of contextual conditioning
    • Contextual cues become associated with events

    Conditioning in Complex Environments

    • Example: conditioned taste aversion (e.g., getting sick after eating)
    • Compound conditioning
    • Overshadowing: More salient cue receives more association than the less salient cues
    • Blocking: Prior training to one cue prevents learning of the second cue

    Context and Extinction

    • Extinction: breaking the association between CS and US through repeated presentation of CS without US
    • Renewal: return of a CR when returning to the original context where the CS was learned
    • Spontaneous recovery: Reappearance of a CR after a rest period following extinction

    Habituation

    • Decrease in strength of a reflexive response after repeated exposure to a stimulus

    Sensitization

    • Increase in the strength of a reflexive response after repeated exposure to a strong stimulus

    Quiz 2 Review

    • Habituation & Sensitization differences and conditions
    • Classical conditioning and extinction situations

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    Related Documents

    L&M Lecture 5-6 Classical Conditioning PDF

    Description

    Explore the principles of classical conditioning, a foundational concept in psychology. Learn about key terms such as unconditioned stimulus and conditioned response through the groundbreaking work of Ivan Pavlov and examples from popular culture like 'The Office.' This quiz will test your understanding of how learning and prediction shape behavior.

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