Classical Conditioning Overview
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Questions and Answers

In classical conditioning, what is the role of the unconditioned stimulus?

  • It predicts a response that is learned through experience.
  • It is a neutral event that requires interaction to induce a reaction.
  • It naturally evokes a response without prior training. (correct)
  • It is conditioned to become a significant event over time.

What does the conditioned response signify in classical conditioning?

  • A biological response to an unconditioned stimulus.
  • A reflexive reaction to a neutral stimulus.
  • A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus. (correct)
  • The initial response to an unconditioned stimulus before conditioning.

Which example best represents appetitive conditioning?

  • Feeling pain when subjected to a harmful stimulus.
  • Learning to salivate when hearing a bell associated with food. (correct)
  • Responding with withdrawal to a negative reinforcement.
  • Developing fear from exposure to an aversive event.

What type of conditioning occurs when a painful stimulus is the unconditioned stimulus?

<p>Aversive conditioning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is best known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning?

<p>Ivan Pavlov. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unconditioned stimulus (US) used in the Little Albert experiment?

<p>The noise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conditioning results in the fastest acquisition of a conditioned response?

<p>Delay conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between extinction and counterconditioning?

<p>Extinction creates a new response; counterconditioning replaces an old response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of classical conditioning, what does the term 'blocking' refer to?

<p>Prior training to one cue hindering the learning of a new cue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic response during the acquisition phase of eyeblink conditioning?

<p>A slow, anticipatory blink before the US (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'overshadowing' refer to in compound conditioning?

<p>One cue dominates the conditioning process because it is more salient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes spontaneous recovery?

<p>The reappearance of a conditioned response after a delay (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In trace conditioning, what impacts the speed of acquisition?

<p>The length of the interstimulus interval (ISI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a conditioned taste aversion?

<p>A learned aversion associated with getting sick after eating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically observed during extinction of a conditioned response?

<p>A gradual reduction in the CR as the CS is presented alone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a conditioned response (CR) when returning to the original conditioning context after extinction?

<p>The CR is renewed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

<p>The CR returns after a period of time without stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can extinction of a conditioned response (CR) be made more effective?

<p>By employing extinction cues that help retrieve inhibitory associations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes classical conditioning from habituation?

<p>Classical conditioning creates an association, whereas habituation decreases response strength. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does bias toward context-general acquisition but context-specific extinction imply?

<p>Learned associations can occur in multiple contexts but may extinguish only in the context they were learned. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a demonstration of sensitization?

<p>A strong stimulus causes a heightened response to a different stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial in the process of extinction of a conditioned response?

<p>Performing extinction in varied contexts to reduce specificity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the persistence of conditioned responses?

<p>Negative associations are especially strong in their persistence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to a prediction error in learning?

<p>A mismatch between predicted and actual outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does context play in conditioning according to the content?

<p>Context acts as an additional conditioned stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned compensatory response?

<p>An opposite biological response to a drug's effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the blocking effect demonstrate in conditioning?

<p>A stimulus fully predicts the unconditioned stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during extinction in classical conditioning?

<p>The conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger a relapse in fear responses after exposure therapy for PTSD?

<p>Returning to the same context as the traumatic event (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are included in interoceptive context?

<p>Mood and hormonal states (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of conditioned tolerance to drugs?

<p>Increased likelihood of overdose in unfamiliar contexts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of exposure therapy in treating anxiety disorders?

<p>To create new associations with fear-inducing stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does homeostasis relate to conditioned responses during drug use?

<p>It helps maintain equilibrium despite drug effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Classical Conditioning

Learning to predict and react to an upcoming event through repeated experience.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A naturally occurring stimulus that automatically triggers a response.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that now triggers a learned response after repeated pairing with the UCS.

Appetitive Conditioning

Learning where the UCS is a desirable event.

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Aversive Conditioning

Learning where the UCS is an undesirable event.

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Little Albert

A famous case study in classical conditioning where a baby (Albert) was conditioned to fear a white rat after the rat was paired with a loud noise.

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US in Little Albert

The loud noise that naturally elicited fear (crying) in Little Albert.

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CS in Little Albert

The white rat that initially was neutral but, after pairing with the loud noise, became associated with fear in Little Albert.

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Eyeblink Conditioning

A type of classical conditioning where a puff of air to the eye (US) is paired with a neutral stimulus (CS) like a tone or light, resulting in a learned eyeblink response (CR) to the CS.

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Acquisition (Classical Conditioning)

The process of learning a new association between the CS and US, leading to the emergence of a conditioned response (CR).

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Extinction (Classical Conditioning)

The process of weakening or eliminating a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US).

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Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

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Counterconditioning

Replacing a conditioned response (CR) with a new, desirable response by pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS) with a different unconditioned stimulus (US) that elicits a more desired response.

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Compound Conditioning

Training with two or more conditioned stimuli (CSs) presented simultaneously, resulting in a stronger conditioned response (CR) to the compound than to individual CSs.

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Blocking Effect

Prior learning of a conditioned stimulus (CS1) prevents the acquisition of a new conditioned response (CR) to a second conditioned stimulus (CS2) when both are presented together.

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Context and Extinction?

Extinction, the decrease of a conditioned response, is strongly influenced by the context where it occurs. The learned association is most easily weakened in the same environment where extinction training took place.

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Renewal Effect

After extinction in one context, the conditioned response returns when the organism is placed back in the original conditioning context.

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Contextual Factors in Extinction

The context in which extinction occurs plays a crucial role in determining its effectiveness. Extinction is more robust and generalizable when it happens in multiple contexts.

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Extinction Cues

Stimuli that are present during extinction training can serve as reminders of the new inhibitory learning, helping to prevent the return of the conditioned response.

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Mental Reinstatement

A technique used during extinction training where the individual is encouraged to actively recall memories of the extinction period to reinforce the learned inhibition of the conditioned response.

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Multiple Contexts and Extinction

Extinction training conducted in various contexts and internal states makes the learning more generalizable and reduces the likelihood of renewal or spontaneous recovery.

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Oversensitivity to Threat Signals

Organisms, especially those with strong negative conditioning, exhibit heightened sensitivity to potential threats, as they are primed to anticipate and respond to danger.

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Prediction Error

The difference between what is expected and what actually occurs. It's a key driver for learning in classical conditioning.

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Contextual Conditioning

Learning where the context (surrounding environment and internal states) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) associated with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

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Exteroceptive Context

External features of the environment that can become associated with the US.

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Interoceptive Context

Internal bodily states that can become associated with the US.

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Conditioned Compensatory Response (CCR)

An automatic biological response that counteracts the effect of a drug. This response is learned through association with cues associated with drug use.

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Homeostasis

The body's natural tendency to maintain a state of equilibrium or balance. This explains why CCRs occur.

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Conditioned Tolerance

Reduced drug effect due to learned associations with the context of drug use.

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Extinction

The process of weakening or eliminating a conditioned response (CR) by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

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Exposure Therapy

A therapeutic technique that involves repeated exposure to fear-inducing stimuli to reduce the conditioned fear response.

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Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

  • Learning to predict and react to events
  • Neutral event, through repeated experience, becomes a signal for a meaningful event
  • Unconditioned stimulus (US): biologically significant stimulus that naturally evokes a response
  • Unconditioned response (UR): naturally occurring response to a US
  • Conditioned stimulus (CS): stimulus or cue that, through training, evokes a response
  • Conditioned response (CR): trained response to a CS, in anticipation of the US
  • Appetitive conditioning: US is a desirable event (e.g., food, pleasant touch)
  • Aversive conditioning: US is an undesirable event (e.g., shock, painful stimuli)

Ivan Pavlov

  • Russian physiologist who studied digestive function
  • Established principles of acquisition and extinction of conditioned responses (Pavlovian/classical conditioning)
  • Pavlov's dogs: classical conditioning experiments

Classical Conditioning in "The Office"

  • US: Altoids (stimulus)
  • UR: reaching for altoids (response)
  • CS: chime (stimulus)
  • CR: reaching for altoids

Little Albert Experiment

  • US: loud noise
  • UR: fear (crying)
  • CS: rat
  • CR: fear (crying, avoidance)
  • US: puff of air to the eye (innate UR)
  • UR: eyeblink
  • CS: tone or light
  • CR: eyeblink (learned response)

Acquisition of CR

  • Development of a conditioned response over repeated experience
  • Acquisition is faster when US and CS are stronger/more salient
  • Generalization occurs to similar stimuli

Timing Affects Acquisition

  • Delay conditioning: onset of CS precedes US; no gap between CS and US; both end at same time
  • Simultaneous conditioning: CS and US begin simultaneously
  • Trace conditioning: CS and US are separated by an interstimulus interval (ISI); slower learning than delay conditioning
  • Backwards conditioning: US occurs after CS; less effective for learning

Extinction

  • Reduction of a learned response by ceasing to pair the stimulus with the reward or punishment
  • Conditioned response (CR) can persist even after extinction

Spontaneous Recovery

  • Renewal of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay or due to a change in context

Contextual Conditioning

  • Stimuli that compose a context act together as a CS
  • Context and internal bodily state are important parts of contextual conditioning
  • Contextual cues become associated with events

Conditioning in Complex Environments

  • Example: conditioned taste aversion (e.g., getting sick after eating)
  • Compound conditioning
  • Overshadowing: More salient cue receives more association than the less salient cues
  • Blocking: Prior training to one cue prevents learning of the second cue

Context and Extinction

  • Extinction: breaking the association between CS and US through repeated presentation of CS without US
  • Renewal: return of a CR when returning to the original context where the CS was learned
  • Spontaneous recovery: Reappearance of a CR after a rest period following extinction

Habituation

  • Decrease in strength of a reflexive response after repeated exposure to a stimulus

Sensitization

  • Increase in the strength of a reflexive response after repeated exposure to a strong stimulus

Quiz 2 Review

  • Habituation & Sensitization differences and conditions
  • Classical conditioning and extinction situations

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Related Documents

L&M Lecture 5-6 Classical Conditioning PDF

Description

Explore the principles of classical conditioning, a foundational concept in psychology. Learn about key terms such as unconditioned stimulus and conditioned response through the groundbreaking work of Ivan Pavlov and examples from popular culture like 'The Office.' This quiz will test your understanding of how learning and prediction shape behavior.

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