Classical Conditioning Lecture Notes PDF

Classical Conditioning Lecture 1 What you should know What is classical conditioning What is second order conditioning What is extinction Classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) + = = Terminology Pavlov termed the learned response a...

Classical Conditioning Lecture 1 What you should know What is classical conditioning What is second order conditioning What is extinction Classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) + = = Terminology Pavlov termed the learned response a “psychic reflex” Later referred to as the “conditioned response” The process has become known as “conditioning” Terminology Pavlov’s experiments General terminology Abbreviation Food Unconditioned stimulus US Salivation to food Unconditioned response UR Bell Conditioned stimulus CS Salivation to bell Conditioned response CR CS US CR UR Conditioned vs Unconditioned response Pavlov termed the process of conditioning “stimulus substitution” The brain substitutes the CS in place of the US Does not involve the development of new behaviours However, the CR is not always the same as the UR Conditioned vs Unconditioned response Warning Mildly painful/ signal unpleasant event Fear Escape behaviour Defence/aggression Second order conditioning Phase 1 Phase 2 Test Bell (CS1) Light (CS2) + + Light (CS2) Food (US) Bell (CS1) Second order conditioning CS2 CS1 US CR CR UR “All just spit and twitches”? Classical conditioning is viewed by some as the study of very primitive and automatic reflexes; salivation and eye blinks Can it have any meaningful consequence on the complex ways people think and behave? Useful framework for highlighting the fundamental principles for how we learn about associations in the environment How the environment influences our behaviour (first- and higher-order) Psychological/neural mechanism for range of maladaptive behaviours Classical conditioning as an experimental model for studying learning processes (“associative learning”) Examples of classical conditioning Appetitive conditioning 1. Food preferences 2. Place preference Aversive conditioning 1. Conditioned fear 2. Anticipatory nausea 3. Conditioned taste aversion 4. Place avoidance Conditioning in advertising Advertising often operates by associating stimuli that elicit positive affective responses with a brand/product Thought to work on the assumption that we fail to discount the positive emotional response elicited by the source We don’t realise/care that the origin of those emotions is the US (something else we like), not the CS (brand/product) Acquisition and Extinction Phase 1 (acquisition) Phase 2 (extinction) Bell (CS) + Food (US) Bell (CS) alone Acquisition: Repeated presentations of the CS with the US result in an increase in the CR (when the CS is presented) Extinction: Repeated presentations of the CS alone following acquisition result in a reduction in the CR (when the CS is presented) Acquisition and Extinction Spontaneous Acquisition Extinction Recovery 35 30 Strength of the CR 25 CS alone 20 15 CS alone CS-US 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Trials Acquisition and Extinction Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery 35 30 Strength of the CR CS alone 25 Time 20 15 CS alone CS-US 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Trials Acquisition and Extinction Acquisition Extinction Renewal 35 30 Strength of the CR CS alone 25 Context 20 15 CS alone CS-US 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Trials