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Questions and Answers
What should the nurse do to help the 5-year-old child alleviate fears during treatment?
What should the nurse do to help the 5-year-old child alleviate fears during treatment?
Children strive to gain new skills and knowledge for a sense of competence.
Children strive to gain new skills and knowledge for a sense of competence.
True
What stage of cognitive development is characterized by conservation and decentration?
What stage of cognitive development is characterized by conservation and decentration?
Concrete operational stage
The concept of __________ grows during childhood but peer approval is often a strong motivator.
The concept of __________ grows during childhood but peer approval is often a strong motivator.
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Match the following developmental concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following developmental concepts with their descriptions:
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Which intervention involves the child's parents in the care process?
Which intervention involves the child's parents in the care process?
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Children should not be given numerical pain scales until they are at least 7 years old.
Children should not be given numerical pain scales until they are at least 7 years old.
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What physical change occurs in children regarding their teeth during development?
What physical change occurs in children regarding their teeth during development?
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What medication can be administered to high-risk infants with RSV?
What medication can be administered to high-risk infants with RSV?
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Antibiotics should always be given for viral infections.
Antibiotics should always be given for viral infections.
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What are typical signs and symptoms of asthma?
What are typical signs and symptoms of asthma?
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Inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma is known as __________.
Inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma is known as __________.
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Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
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In managing respiratory distress, which of the following interventions is not recommended?
In managing respiratory distress, which of the following interventions is not recommended?
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What is the purpose of performing chest physiotherapy?
What is the purpose of performing chest physiotherapy?
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Patients with emphysema typically experience thickened mucus secretions.
Patients with emphysema typically experience thickened mucus secretions.
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What is the earliest indicator of improvement or deterioration in a closed head injury?
What is the earliest indicator of improvement or deterioration in a closed head injury?
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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is indicated by a decrease in level of consciousness.
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is indicated by a decrease in level of consciousness.
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What nursing intervention should be taken if a spinal injury is suspected after a head injury?
What nursing intervention should be taken if a spinal injury is suspected after a head injury?
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Macewen sign is characterized by a _______ sound on the head.
Macewen sign is characterized by a _______ sound on the head.
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Which of the following symptoms may indicate a brainstem injury?
Which of the following symptoms may indicate a brainstem injury?
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What does a positive glucose test on nasal or ear drainage indicate?
What does a positive glucose test on nasal or ear drainage indicate?
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Match the symptoms with their corresponding signs:
Match the symptoms with their corresponding signs:
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Children may experience _______ as a symptom of a closed head injury.
Children may experience _______ as a symptom of a closed head injury.
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What is a positive Ortolani click indicative of?
What is a positive Ortolani click indicative of?
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Surgery is always necessary for older children with congenital clubfoot.
Surgery is always necessary for older children with congenital clubfoot.
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What is the condition characterized by an abnormal opening between the atria?
What is the condition characterized by an abnormal opening between the atria?
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Children with Marfan syndrome often exhibit tall and thin __________.
Children with Marfan syndrome often exhibit tall and thin __________.
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Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
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Which test is used to assess for scoliosis during a physical examination?
Which test is used to assess for scoliosis during a physical examination?
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Nursing interventions for idiopathic scoliosis include monitoring for curvature progression.
Nursing interventions for idiopathic scoliosis include monitoring for curvature progression.
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What is the recommended nursing intervention for congenital clubfoot at a young age?
What is the recommended nursing intervention for congenital clubfoot at a young age?
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What is the primary goal of nursing interventions for enuresis?
What is the primary goal of nursing interventions for enuresis?
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Cryptorchidism refers to the condition where both testes descend into the scrotal sac.
Cryptorchidism refers to the condition where both testes descend into the scrotal sac.
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What surgical procedure is generally avoided in cases of epispadias and hypospadias to preserve skin for reconstruction?
What surgical procedure is generally avoided in cases of epispadias and hypospadias to preserve skin for reconstruction?
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A condition characterized by the extrusion of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body is called ___ .
A condition characterized by the extrusion of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body is called ___ .
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Match the following conditions with their descriptions:
Match the following conditions with their descriptions:
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Which nursing intervention is critical in the post-op care for bladder exstrophy?
Which nursing intervention is critical in the post-op care for bladder exstrophy?
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is commonly prescribed for children with encopresis.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is commonly prescribed for children with encopresis.
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What should be monitored post-surgery for patients with epispadias or hypospadias?
What should be monitored post-surgery for patients with epispadias or hypospadias?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Development
- Children between the ages of 7 and 11 are in the concrete operational stage of development
- During this stage, children can understand multiple perspectives (decentration)
- They can also understand the concept of conservation
- Children in this stage are able to use numerical pain scales
Social Development
- Peer pressure influences children both positively and negatively
- Children experience increased stress from extracurricular activities, social media, and potential cyberbullying
- Children develop proficient language skills
Nursing Interventions for Children
- Provide clear and simple explanations to alleviate a child’s fears
- Reassure the child they are not responsible for their illness
- Involve the parents in the child’s care
- Use clear, non-medical terminology when explaining treatment plans
- Explain procedures clearly and give a time estimate
Physical Development
- Children gain 4-7 pounds per year
- They grow 5 cm per year
- Children lose baby teeth and permanent teeth begin to erupt
- Dental health is essential
Injury Prevention
- Sports injuries are common in children, particularly concussions and head injuries
- Children are prone to risk-taking behaviors
Adolescent Development (13-19)
- Adolescents are in the stage of identity vs. role confusion
- Adolescents need to develop a sense of self
Respiratory Disorders in Children
- RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) can cause respiratory distress
- RSV typically leads to inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma, alveoli, or both
Symptoms of RSV
- Eye and ear drainage
- Cough
- Wheezing
- Fever
- Tachypnea
- Retractions
- Cyanosis
- Apneic episodes
Nursing Interventions for RSV
- Maintain a patent airway
- Elevate the head of the bed to 30-40 degrees
- Administer cool humidified oxygen
- Monitor pulse oximetry
- Suction as needed
- Administer antiviral and antipyretic medications
- Administer IV fluids for dehydration
- Palivizumab can be administered for high-risk infants
- Use cough suppressants with caution because they interfere with the clearing of secretions
Pneumonia in Children
- Inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma, alveoli, or both
- Caused by a virus, mycoplasma agent, bacteria, or aspiration
Symptoms of Pneumonia
- Fever
- Cough
- Malaise
- Rhinitis
- Sore throat
- Irritability
- Lethargy
- Poor feeding
- Headache
- Chills
- Abdominal pain
- Chest pain
Nursing Interventions for Pneumonia
- Treat symptomatically
- Administer oxygen with cool, humidified air
- Administer antipyretics and antibiotics if the cause is bacteria
- Perform chest physiotherapy or postural drainage
- Suction mucus
- Monitor for weight loss as this is a sign of dehydration
Asthma in Children
- Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways
- Symptoms typically develop in the early morning, at night, or both
Symptoms of Asthma
- Wheezing
- Dyspnea
- Chest tightness
- Non-productive cough
- May have the production of a frothy, clear, gelatinous sputum
- Pale or flushed or cyanotic
Nursing Interventions of Asthma
- Assess airway patency and respiratory status
- Administer oxygen by nasal cannula or face mask
- Administer quick-relief medications
- Initiate an IV line
- Test for allergies
- Teach the family and patient how to administer inhalers
- Recognize signs of an acute asthma attack
Cystic Fibrosis in Children
- Autosomal recessive trait with no cure
- Secretions are thicker and stickier causing obstructions in the small passages of the respiratory, GI, and reproductive systems
Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis
- Emphysema
- Hypoxemia
- Wheezing
- Cough
- Dyspnea
- Pallor
Nursing Interventions for Cystic Fibrosis
- Monitor respiratory status
- Perform chest physiotherapy (CPT), percussion, or postural drainage
- Use a flutter mucus clearance device, handheld percussors, or special vests
- Use a positive expiratory pressure (PEP) mask to move secretions through the upper airway
- Administer aerosolized or IV antibiotics
- Administer oxygen
- Administer diuretics and plasma expanders
Enuresis In Children
- Inability to control bladder function despite attaining an age where they should (usually 5 years old)
Nursing Interventions for Enuresis
- Perform urinalysis and culture to rule out infection
- Limit fluid intake at night
- Initiate a reward system
- Involve children in the cleanup
- Older children may be prescribed human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to stimulate testosterone
Epispadias & Hypospadias in Children
- Congenital defects involving abnormal placement of the urethra within the male genitalia
- Epispadias: Dorsal urethra opening
- Hypospadias: Ventral urethra opening
Nursing Interventions for Epispadias & Hypospadias
- Monitor output and signs of infection or renal function
- Treatment usually involves surgery before the age of toilet training (16-18 months)
- Circumcision may not be performed to preserve skin for surgical reconstruction
Post-Operative Nursing Interventions for Epispadias & Hypospadias
- Monitor intake and output
- Provide pain medications and anticholinergics for bladder spasms
Bladder Exstrophy in Children
- Congenital abnormality characterized by extrusion of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Nursing Interventions for Bladder Exstrophy
- Prevent bladder tissues from drying while allowing for drainage of urine
- Apply a pressure dressing
- Cover the exposed bladder with a sterile dressing
- Monitor vital signs
- Administer antibiotics
- Encourage fluids
- Avoid applying petroleum jelly to the bladder mucosa because it tends to dry out and damage the tissue
Head Injury in Children
- Open Head Injury: Fracture or penetration of the skull.
- Closed Head Injury: Blunt trauma (e.g., someone gets hit really hard and they have a bleed inside their brain, but there’s no opening in the skull)
Nursing Interventions for Head Injury
- Immobilize the neck and spine if a spinal injury is suspected
- Maintain a patent airway and administer oxygen
- Keep the head and body midline
- Provide a calm and quiet environment
- Implement seizure precautions
- Keep the child NPO
- Monitor for decreased responsiveness
- Monitor for nose and ear drainage, test for glucose (positive glucose indicates CSF leakage)
- Monitor for an epidural hematoma: One dilated, non-reactive pupil.
- Monitor for signs of a Brainstem Injury: Deep and rapid respirations, bradycardia, wide pulse pressure, and dilated and unequal pupils.
- Monitor for Decorticate posturing (flexion) or decerebrate posturing (extension).
- Monitor for Cheyne-Stokes respirations.
Hydrocephalus in Children
- Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) due to a tumor, hemorrhage, infection, or trauma
Nursing Interventions for Hydrocephalus
- Monitor for unequal gluteal and thigh folds
- Positive Ortolani click: When the examiner abducts the thighs and applies gentle pressure forward over the greater trochanter, a clicking sensation indicates dislocating the femoral head and moving it into the acetabulum.
- Positive Barlow test: When the examiner adducts the hips and applies pressure down and back with the thumbs, they can feel the femoral head move out of the acetabulum.
- 6 to 18 Months: Gradual reduction by traction if necessary, hip spica cast for 2 to 4 months, then flexion abduction is applied for 3 months.
- Older Child: May need operative reduction and reconstruction.
Clubfoot in Children
- Deformity of the ankle and foot
Nursing Interventions for Clubfoot
- Perform manipulation and casting weekly until 8 to 12 weeks of age.
- Surgery may be needed
Idiopathic Scoliosis in Children
- Spinal deformity that involves lateral curvature or spinal rotation
Nursing Interventions for Idiopathic Scoliosis
- Diagnose during the pre-adolescent growth spurt
- Look for asymmetry of the ribs and hips when the child bends forward (Adams test)
- Monitor progression
- Surgery or bracing may be needed
Marfan Syndrome in Children
- Disorder of connective tissue that affects the skeletal, cardiac, eye, and skin systems
Nursing Interventions for Marfan Syndrome
- Monitor for vision problems and curvature of the spine
- Administer cardiac medications as needed
- Instruct the family that the child should not play competitive athletics or contact sports
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) in Children
- An abnormal opening between the atria, leading to increased oxygenated blood flow to the right side of the heart
Nursing Interventions for ASD
- Typically monitored and, if necessary, surgically corrected when a child is older.
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Description
Test your understanding of child development stages, including cognitive, social, nursing interventions, and physical development. This quiz covers key concepts such as decentration, peer pressure, and effective communication with children. Perfect for psychology students or those interested in child development.
